Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Series Editor -- Volume Editors -- List of Contributors -- The Skin and the Immune System -- The Skin as an Immunologic Organ -- Introduction: the skin as an organ of defence -- Evolving concepts of the skin as an immunological organ -- The skin immune system -- Immune responses in skin -- Conclusions -- Key points -- References -- T Cells and Dendritic Cells in Immuno-Mediated Skin Pathology -- Introduction -- Self-reactive T cell subsets -- Dendritic cells-key regulators of immune responses -- Dendritic cells in mixed connective tissue disease -- Dendritic cells in Sjögren's syndrome -- Dendritic cells induce psoriasis -- Acknowledgments -- References -- D6 as a Decoy and Scavenger Receptor for Inflammatory CC Chemokines in the Skin -- Introduction -- Expression and ligand recognition by the D6 chemokine decoy receptor -- In vitro properties -- D6 as a decoy in the skin -- Concluding remarks -- Key points -- References -- Autoantibodies and Skin Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases -- Introduction -- Autoantibodies in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) -- Pathogenic autoantibodies -- Anti-fibroblast antibodies -- Anti-endothelial antibodies -- Anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) antibodies -- Prognostic autoantibodies -- Pathogenic autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: the anti-Ro/SSA model -- Clinical and pathogenic associations -- Prognostic autoantibodies in other systemic autoimmune diseases -- Dermatomyositis (DM) -- Other myositis -- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) -- Key points -- References -- Skin Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases -- Photosensitivity in Lupus Erythematosus -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology of photosensitivity in LE -- Clinical photosensitivity and phototesting -- References -- Cutaneous Manifestations of Lupus Erythematosus -- Introduction.

Specific cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus -- Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus -- Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus -- Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus -- Discoid lupus erythematosus -- Chilblain lupus erythematosus -- Lupus erythematosus profundus -- Intermittent cutaneous lupus erythematosus -- Lupus erythematosus tumidus -- Non-specific cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus -- Bullous skin lesions in lupus erythematosus -- Urticarial Vasculitis -- Papulonodular mucinosis -- Annular erythema -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Key points -- References -- Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: A Quarter Century's Perspective -- Introduction and historical perspective -- Epidemiology -- Incidence and prevalence -- Demographics -- Environmental influences -- Etiology/pathogenesis -- Clinical manifestations -- Clinical features -- Association with other forms of cutaneous LE and LE nonspecific skin disease -- Association with SLE -- Association with other autoimmune diseases -- SCLE as a paraneoplastic phenomenon -- Diagnostic investigations -- Serology/immunology -- Other laboratory features -- Differential diagnosis -- Treatment -- Protection from ultraviolet light -- Physical protection -- Chemical sunscreens -- Local corticosteroids -- Antimalarials -- Dapsone -- Retinoids -- Thalidomide -- Gold -- Clofazimine -- Other agents -- Systemic corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents -- Combination therapy -- Experimental therapy -- UVA-1 phototherapy -- Recombinant biologic response modifiers -- Prognosis -- Acknowledgements -- Key points -- References -- Differential Diagnosis of LE-specific Skin Lesions -- Introduction -- Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus -- Dermatologic features -- Clinical background -- Differential diagnosis of localized ACLE -- Acne rosacea vs ACLE -- Contact dermatitis vs ACLE.

Photodermatitis vs ACLE -- Seborrheic dermatitis vs ACLE -- Dermatomyositis vs ACLE -- Erysipelas vs ACLE -- Delusion of lupus vs ACLE -- Differential diagnosis of generalized ACLE -- Morbilliform drug reactions vs generalized ACLE -- Erythema multiforme vs generalized ACLE -- Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus -- Dermatologic features -- Clinical background -- Differential diagnosis of papulosquamous SCLE -- Psoriasis vs papulosquamous SCLE -- Polymorphic light eruption vs papulosquamous SCLE -- Differential diagnosis of annular-polycyclic SCLE -- Superficial gyrate erythema vs annular-polycyclic SCLE -- Tinea corporis vs annular-polycyclic SCLE -- Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus -- Dermatologic features -- Clinical background -- Differential diagnosis of early CCLE, non-scaling pattern -- Polymorphic light eruption vs early CCLE, non-scaling pattern -- Jessner's benign lymphocytic infiltration of the skin vs early CCLE, non-scaling pattern -- Lymphocytoma cutis vs early CCLE, non-scaling pattern -- Granuloma faciale vs early CCLE, non-scaling pattern -- Pernio vs early CCLE, non-scaling pattern -- Lupus pernio vs early CCLE, non-scaling pattern -- Differential diagnosis of early CCLE, scaling pattern -- Actinic keratoses vs early CCLE, scaling pattern -- Seborrheic dermatitis vs early CCLE, scaling pattern -- Psoriasis vs early CCLE, scaling pattern -- Tinea faciei vs early CCLE, scaling pattern -- Lichen ruber planus vs early CCLE, scaling pattern -- Differential diagnosis of fully developed CCLE lesions -- Differential diagnosis of late CCLE lesions -- Lichen ruber planus vs late CCLE -- Lupus vulgaris vs late CCLE -- Other infectious granulomatous diseases vs late CCLE -- Key points -- References -- Dermatologic aspects of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome -- Introduction -- Prevalence -- Clinical manifestations -- Livedo reticularis.

Skin ulcerations -- Digital gangrene -- Multiple subungual splinter hemorrhages -- Superficial venous thrombosis -- Thrombocytopenic purpura -- Pseudovasculitis manifestations -- Extensive cutaneous necrosis -- Primary anetoderma -- Melanoderma -- Histologic features -- Relationship between skin lesions and other manifestations of aps -- Detection of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in dermatology -- Skin manifestations -- Tests for detection of aPL -- Treatment -- Conclusions -- Key points -- References -- The Skin in Systemic Scleroderma -- Introduction -- Prevalence/epidemiology -- Etiology/pathogenesis of skin fibrosis -- Clinical manifestations -- Diagnostic investigations -- Histology -- Differential diagnosis -- Treatment -- Key points -- References -- Dermatomyositis -- Introduction -- Epidemiology/Prevalence -- Etiology -- Overlap syndromes -- Viruses -- Cancer -- Myotoxic drugs -- Pathogenesis -- Presence of autoantibodies -- Immunopathology of muscle and skin -- Muscle -- Skin -- Clinical manifestations -- Extramuscular manifestations -- Diagnostic investigations -- Serum muscle enzymes -- Electromyography -- Muscle biopsy -- Differential diagnosis -- Prognosis and complications -- Management -- Corticosteroids -- Prednisone failures and nonsteroidal immunosuppressive therapies -- References -- Mucocutaneous Manifestations of Sjogren's Syndrome -- Introduction -- Prevalence -- Epidemiology -- Aetiology/Pathogenesis -- Aetiology: genetic predisposition -- Aetiology: hormones -- Aetiology: exogenous agents -- Aetiology: microchimerism -- Pathogenesis: autoimmune epithelitis -- Pathogenesis: interaction of immune and neurosecretory functions -- Clinical manifestations -- Mucosal involvement: dry eyes -- Mucosal involvement: dry mouth -- Cutaneous involvement -- Cutaneous involvement: xerosis -- Cutaneous involvement: vascular lesions.

Cutaneous involvement: miscellaneous -- Diagnostic investigations -- Laboratory tests -- Tests used for the evaluation of xerophthalmia -- Tests used for the evaluation of xerostomia -- Differential diagnosis -- Treatment -- Treatment of ocular- and oral involvement -- Treatment of extraglandular manifestations -- Key points -- References -- Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Skin -- Introduction -- Epidemiology/Prevalence -- Aetiology -- Genetic factors -- Environmental factors -- Viruses -- Bacteria -- Sex hormones -- Pathogenesis -- Diagnosis and clinical features -- Imaging -- Laboratory abnormalities -- Rheumatoid factor -- Other autoantibodies in RA -- Acute phase reactants -- Synovial fluid analysis -- Assessment -- Disease activity measures -- Functional disability -- Radiographic assessment -- Indices -- Treatment -- Management of early and established active inflammatory disease -- Management of end-stage disease -- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -- Corticosteroids -- Disease-modifying anti-rheumatics drugs -- Biological agents -- anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody therapy -- Anakinra -- Anti-B-cell therapy -- Cutaneous manifestations -- Rheumatoid nodules -- Cutaneous vasculitis -- Histological characteristics -- Leg ulcers -- Felty's syndrome -- Neutrophilic dermatoses -- Pyoderma gangrenosum -- Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis -- Cutaneous atrophy with stellate scarring -- Adverse skin reactions to drugs -- Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs -- Disease-modifying anti-rheumatics drugs -- Biologic agents -- Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody therapy -- Anakinra -- Conclusion -- Key points -- References -- Behçet's Syndrome -- Introduction -- Prevalence -- Epidemiology -- Etiology/Pathogenesis -- Clinical manifestations -- Oral ulcers -- Genital ulcerations -- Acneiform and papulopustular lesions -- Nodular lesions -- Sweet syndrome.

The pathergy reaction.