Cover -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- About the author -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Figure 1. Ship's officer using hydrometer -- Photograph courtesy of Shell Photographic Unit -- Figure 2. Example text of a typical analysis report -- Figure 3. Table of standard prefixes for the SI units of measure -- Figure 4. Bunkering facilities in Colombo in 1951, before bunker quality became an issue -- Photograph courtesy of the Shell Photographic Unit. Taken by Derrick Knight. -- Figure 5. Summary table of principal grades -- Figure 6. Extract from ISO 8217 (E) 2005 Residual fuel -- Figure 7. Extract from ISO 8217 (E) 2005 Distillate fuel -- Figure 8. Asphaltenic sludge in a purifier (outside of bowl) -- Photograph courtesy of Petrospot Ltd -- Figure 9. Asphaltenic sludge in a purifier (inside of bowl) -- Photograph courtesy of Petrospot Ltd -- Figure 10. Chart showing typical variations in Estimated Cetane Number (ECN) for a given value of CCAI -- Chart courtesy of Fueltec Solutions AS -- Figure 11. Fuel pump plunger damaged by organic acid -- Photograph courtesy of Bunker Claims International -- Figure 12. How not to take a 'spot sample' -- Photograph courtesy of Petrospot Ltd -- Figure 13. Comparison between drip and automatic sampler -- Figure 14. Drip sampler and cubitainer in use -- Photograph courtesy of Lloyd's Register -- Figure 15. Drip sampler and cubitainer -- Photograph courtesy of Maritec Pte Ltd -- Figure 16. Sample bottle and seal -- Photograph courtesy of DnVPS -- Figure 17. Sample label -- Photograph courtesy of Lintec Testing Services Ltd -- Figure 18. Sealed sample -- Photograph courtesy of Kittiwake Developments Ltd -- Figure 19. Digital density meter -- Photograph courtesy of Inpechem Inspectors B.V. -- Figure 20. Digital density test diagram -- Figure 21. Density table.

Figure 22. Operation of an automatic viscometer -- Photograph courtesy of Lintec Testing Services Ltd -- Figure 23. Ostwald type capillary viscometer. -- Figure 24. Viscosity table -- Figure 25. Water (H2O) table -- Figure 26. Carbon residue table -- Figure 27. Sulphur (S) table -- Figure 28. Total sediment test equipment in use -- Photograph courtesy of Lintec Testing Services Ltd -- Figure 29. Total sediment table -- Figure 30. Examples of Rating Numbers of Typical Spots -- Spot examples courtesy of Intertec OCA -- Figure 31. Ashing a sample -- Photograph courtesy of DnVPS -- Figure 32. Ash table -- Figure 33. ICP spectrometer -- Photograph courtesy of Inpechem Inspectors B.V. -- Figure 34. Schematic of an ICP system -- Figure 35. Determination of metals by Atomic Absorption Chromatography -- Photograph courtesy of Inpechem Inspectors B.V. -- Figure 36. Aluminium plus Silicon (Al + Si) table -- Figure 37. Vanadium (V) table -- Figure 38. Calcium (Ca) table -- Figure 39. Zinc (Zn) table -- Figure 40. Phosphorus (P) table -- Figure 41. Pour point table -- Figure 42. Flash point table -- Figure 43. Manual Penskey-Martens closed cup tester in use -- Photograph courtesy of Lintec Testing Services Ltd -- Figure 44. Cloud point table -- Figure 45. Cetane Index table -- Figure 46. Identity of 'equivalent' tests table -- Figure 47. Sample volume and time for result table -- Figure 48. True value chart -- Figure 49. 95% confidence level table -- Figure 50. Injection viscosity / temperature table -- Figure 51. FTIR trace -- Photograph courtesy of Lintec Testing Services Ltd -- Figure 52. GC-MS and operator -- Photograph courtesy of Lintec Testing Services Ltd -- Figure 53. Combustion pressure trace chart -- Chart courtesy of Fueltec Solutions AS -- Figure 54. Rate of heat release curve chart -- Chart courtesy of Fueltec Solutions AS.

Figure 55. Combustion pressure trace chart -- Diagram courtesy of Fueltec Solutions AS -- Figure 56. Rate of heat release chart -- Diagram courtesy of Fueltec Solutions AS -- Figure 57. Table showing extract of parameters as defined in IP 541 test method -- Courtesy of Fueltec Solutions AS -- Figure 58. Diagram showing the principle for constant volume combustion used in the FIA -- Diagram courtesy of Fueltec Solutions AS -- Chapter 1 - Fuel analysis -- Selecting and verifying quality -- Units -- Standard prefixes for the SI units of measure -- Examples -- Other abbreviations -- Chapter 2 - Fuel specifications -- Current standards -- ISO 8217 -- CIMAC 2003 -- ASTM -- JIS -- NATO -- Buyer's specifications -- Legislation requirements on specifications -- IMO requirements -- Chapter 3 - Parameters -- Density -- Viscosity -- Carbon residue -- Sediment -- Compatibility -- Ash -- Pour point -- Flash point -- Cloud point -- Cold filter plugging point -- Cetane Index -- Acid Number -- Asphaltenes -- Hydrogen Sulphide -- Vanadium -- Sodium -- Water -- Sulphur -- Aluminium -- Silicon -- Iron -- Nickel -- Calcium -- Magnesium -- Lead -- Zinc -- Phosphorus -- Potassium -- Chapter 4 - Other reported items -- CCAI / CII -- FIA -- Specific energy -- Visual appearance -- Injection temperatures -- Copper strip corrosion -- Distillation range -- Microbiological contamination -- Organic contaminants -- Chapter 5 - Taking representative samples -- Equipment -- Methods -- Spot sample -- Composite sample -- Drip sample -- Flow proportional sample -- Transportation -- Receiving the results -- Documentation -- Breaking the seal -- Chapter 6 - Test methods -- Density (p) -- Specific gravity (SG) -- Viscosity (v) -- Copper strip corrosion -- Distillation range -- Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) -- Water (H2O) -- Carbon residue / Carbon residue 10% -- Asphaltenes -- Sulphur (S).

Total Sediment Existent / Total Sediment Potential / Total Sediment Accelerated -- Compatibility -- Ash -- Tests for metals -- ICP Spectrometer -- Aluminium plus Silicon (Al + Si) -- Vanadium (V) -- Sodium (Na) -- Iron (Fe) -- Nickel (Ni) -- Calcium (Ca) -- Zinc (Zn) -- Phosphorus (P) -- Magnesium (Mg) -- Lead (Pb) -- Potassium (K) -- Pour point -- Flash point -- Cloud point -- Cetane Index -- Acid Number -- Microbiological contamination -- Organic contaminants -- Equivalent tests -- Test method date identifier -- Sample volume and time for result -- Chapter 7 - Interpretation of results -- ISO 4259 -- True value -- 95% confidence level -- 95% confidence buyer's formula example -- 95% confidence seller's formula example -- European Union procedure for control on Sulphur -- MARPOL procedure -- Fuel Oil Verification Procedure for MARPOL Annex VI Fuel Oil Samples -- Chapter 8 - Problem results -- Density -- Injection viscosity -- Water -- Vanadium -- Sodium -- Sodium / Vanadium -- Aluminium / Silicon -- Carbon residue -- Ash -- Flash point -- Pour point -- Sulphur -- Total Sediment Potential (TSP) -- Cetane Index -- Used Lubricating Oil -- Microbiological contamination -- Referee analysis -- Witness -- Challenge -- Chapter 9 - Additional tests -- FTIR -- GC-MS -- Fuel Ignition Analyser / Fuel Combustion Analyser -- Turbiscan -- Onboard tests -- Proprietary tests -- Viscosity -- Density -- Water content -- Compatibility -- Sulphur -- Aluminium and Silicon -- Emergency tests -- Viscosity -- Water -- Sludge -- Chapter 10 - The future -- Appendix I - Where to go for help -- Websites -- Information and help -- Technical Issues -- Fuel specifications -- Fuel sampling -- Survey and analysis -- Test methods -- Publications -- Appendix II - Abbreviations -- Appendix III - Glossary -- Index -- Back Cover.