Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 The Main Goal -- 1.1.2 Specific Goals -- 1.1.2.1 Base Positions and Licensing -- 1.1.2.2 The Nature of Interfaces -- 1.1.2.3 Generality and Restrictiveness -- 1.1.3 Syntax and Semantics -- 1.1.3.1 A Syntactic Theory -- 1.1.3.2 Important Terminology -- 1.2 Overview of Data and Approaches -- 1.2.1 Why? -- 1.2.2 The Classification of Adverbial Adjuncts -- 1.2.3 Types of Theories of Adjunct Distribution -- 1.2.3.1 Three Approaches -- 1.2.3.2 Basic Ranges of Adjunct Positions -- 1.2.4 Some (Non)Restrictions on Data -- 1.2.5 Some Major Phenomena -- 1.3 Main Theses -- 1.4 Aspects of Syntactic and Semantic Theory -- 1.4.1 Minimalism -- 1.4.1.1 Interface Conditions and Interpretability -- 1.4.1.2 Case -- 1.4.1.3 Features and Movement -- 1.4.2 Phrase Structure Theory -- 1.4.2.1 X-́Structure and Adjunction -- 1.4.2.2 Segments -- 1.4.2.3 Adjunction to the X ́Level -- 1.4.2.4 AdvP-Internal Structure -- 1.4.2.5 Features and Projections -- 1.4.3 The PF Side of the Grammar -- 1.4.4 The LF Side of the Grammar: LF, Semantic Representations, and Adjunct Licensing -- 1.4.4.1 LF and SR -- 1.4.4.2 The FEO Calculus and the LF-SR Interface -- 1.4.4.3 Lexicosemantic Representations and Compositional Rules -- 1.5 Organization -- 2 The Semantics of Predicational Adverbs -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Predicational Adverbs -- 2.1.2 Some Data -- 2.1.3 Goals and Organization -- 2.2 Preliminaries: Selection and the FEO Calculus -- 2.2.1 Two Types of Selection -- 2.2.2 The FEO Calculus -- 2.2.3 A Preview of the Analysis -- 2.3 Subject-Oriented Adverbs -- 2.3.1 Examples -- 2.3.2 Agent-Oriented Adverbs -- 2.3.3 Mental-Attitude Adverbs -- 2.3.4 Summary for Subject-Oriented Adverbs -- 2.4 Speaker-Oriented Predicationals -- 2.4.1 Overview.

2.4.2 Speech-Act Adverbs -- 2.4.3 Epistemic Adverbs -- 2.4.4 Evaluative Adverbs -- 2.4.5 Summary for Speaker-Oriented Predicationals -- 2.5 Exocomparative Adverbs -- 2.6 Predicational Adverbs, Selection, and Homonymy -- 2.6.1 Selection and Homonymy -- 2.6.2 Selection and Relative Scope -- 2.6.3 Cognitive Selection and Patterns of Homonymy -- 2.6.4 Conclusion: Homonymy and Composition -- 2.7 Summary, Conclusion, and Final Remarks -- 3 The Scopal Basis of Adverb Licensing -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 The Main Claim -- 3.1.2 Theoretical Desiderata -- 3.1.3 Organization -- 3.2 Scope-Based Licensing and the Distribution of Predicational Adverbs -- 3.2.1 Overview -- 3.2.2 Speech-Act Adverbs -- 3.2.3 Evaluative Adverbs -- 3.2.4 Modal Adverbs -- 3.2.5 Evidential Adverbs -- 3.2.6 Subject-Oriented Adverbs -- 3.2.7 Exocomparatives -- 3.2.8 The Clausal/Manner Ambiguity -- 3.2.9 Summary -- 3.3 Outline of the Feature-Based Theory -- 3.4 Multiple Positions for One Predicational Adverb -- 3.4.1 Goal and Data -- 3.4.2 The Scope Theory -- 3.4.3 The Feature Theory -- 3.4.4 Summary -- 3.5 Multiple Positions for One Functional Adjunct -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Functional Adverbs and the Feature Theory -- 3.5.3 Summary and Final Note -- 3.6 Ordering Restrictions among Predicational Adverbs -- 3.6.1 The Problem -- 3.6.2 The Scope Theory -- 3.6.3 The Feature Theory -- 3.6.4 Summary -- 3.7 Permutability of Different Adjunct Classes -- 3.7.1 The Data -- 3.7.2 Comparison of the Theories -- 3.8 Differences in Iterability between Adjunct Subclasses -- 3.9 Licensing of Coordinate Adjuncts -- 3.10 Generalizations across Scope Phenomena -- 3.10.1 Introduction -- 3.10.2 A Preliminary Matter: Topicalization -- 3.10.3 Review of Devices Required by the Feature Theory -- 3.10.4 The Argument from Generality -- 3.11 Summary and Conclusion -- 3.11.1 Summary.

3.11.2 On Restrictiveness -- 3.11.3 On Arguments for Adverbs in Spec -- 3.11.4 Rigidity and Locality -- 4 Arguments for Right-Adjunction -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Goal -- 4.1.2 A Prima Facie Challenge to the LCH -- 4.1.3 The Two Hypotheses -- 4.1.4 Organization -- 4.2 Preliminary Evidence for the PDH: Concentric Phenomena -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Constituent Structure (VP-Ellipsis, Substitution, Movement) -- 4.2.3 Correlation of Scope Relations and Linear Order -- 4.2.4 Postverbal Adjuncts with Scope over Preverbal Adjuncts -- 4.2.5 Secondary Predicates -- 4.2.6 Conclusion -- 4.3 A PDH Theory, with Right-Adjunction -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 The C- and F-Complexes -- 4.3.3 Directionality Principles -- 4.3.4 Obligatory Left-Adjunction for Predicational Adverbs in Functional Projections -- 4.3.5 Weight Theory: A First Look -- 4.3.6 Scope and Constituency -- 4.3.7 Theoretical Consequences -- 4.4 LCH: The "Larsonian" Version -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 Arguments against the Larsonian LCH -- 4.4.3 On the Scope of Postverbal Adverbials -- 4.4.4 Barss/Lasnik Effects -- 4.4.5 Conclusion -- 4.5 LCH: The Intraposition Version -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 "Morphologically" Triggered Intraposition -- 4.5.3 Semantically Triggered Intrapositions -- 4.5.4 Conclusions for Intraposition Versions of the LCH -- 4.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 4.6.1 Summary of the PDH Theory -- 4.6.2 Comparison to LCH Theories -- 4.6.3 Conclusion -- 5 Noncanonical Orders and the Structure of VP -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Setting the Stage -- 5.1.2 Data and Issues -- 5.1.3 Organization -- 5.2 The Structure of Complements and V-Raising -- 5.2.1 Larsonian Structures -- 5.2.2 Multiple Complements -- 5.2.3 Prospectus -- 5.3 Arguments against Left-Adjunction in VP -- 5.3.1 The Ungrammaticality of Adverbs before Direct Objects -- 5.3.2 Scope of Focusing Adverbs.

5.3.3 Case Adjacency -- 5.3.4 Chinese Postverbal Manner Phrases -- 5.3.5 Manner Adverbs in Particle Constructions -- 5.3.6 Asymmetries Between Preverbal and Postverbal Adverbs -- 5.3.7 Summary -- 5.4 A Theory of Rightward Movement -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Weight Theory -- 5.4.3 Predictions of Weight Theory -- 5.4.3.1 AuxRange Effects -- 5.4.3.2 Direction of Heavy Shift -- 5.4.3.3 Noncanonical Postverbal Orders -- 5.4.4 Summary -- 5.5 Review of Predictions for Adverbial Positions in PredP -- 5.6 The Kaynean-LCH Account of Postverbal Adjuncts -- 5.6.1 Introduction -- 5.6.2 The Arguments for RM over the LCH -- 5.6.2.1 Complexity and Generality -- 5.6.2.2 Direction of Movement and Categorial Restrictions -- 5.6.2.3 Conditions on Extraction -- 5.6.3 A Note on Scrambling -- 5.6.4 Summary and Conclusion for the LCH -- 5.7 Summary and Conclusion -- 6 Event-Internal Adjuncts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Goals and Principles -- 6.1.2 Overview -- 6.2 Survey of Event-Internal Adjuncts in VP -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Manner Adverbials -- 6.2.3 Domain Adverbials -- 6.2.4 Measure Adverbs and Again -- 6.2.5 Participant PPs (PPPs) -- 6.2.6 Summary of Event-Internal Modification -- 6.3 Purely Adverbial Event-Internal Adjuncts -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 Manner Adverbs -- 6.3.2.1 Basic Positions -- 6.3.2.2 Differences between the Two Positions -- 6.3.3 Measure Adverbs and Restitutive Again -- 6.3.4 Domain Adverbs -- 6.3.5 Predictions for Orderings of Two Event-Internal Adjuncts -- 6.3.5.1 Predictions -- 6.3.5.2 Manner Adverbs -- 6.3.5.3 Domain Adverbs -- 6.3.5.4 Measure Adverbs -- 6.3.5.5 Conclusion for Alternative Orders of Event-Internal Adverbs -- 6.3.6 Summary and Conclusion: Event-Internal Adverbs -- 6.4 Participant PPs -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 Two Pieces of Evidence from English for PPP Attachment Sites -- 6.4.3 Chinese Word Order.

6.4.4 Licensing of PPPs in PredP -- 6.4.5 Summary -- 6.5 The Ceiling of the Low Range -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 Aux Heads as a Natural Ceiling -- 6.5.3 Evidence for Aux Heads as the Ceiling -- 6.5.4 Summary and Conclusion for Delimiting the Low Range -- 6.6 Summary and Conclusions for Event-Internal Modification -- 6.6.1 Summary -- 6.6.2 Conclusion -- 7 Adjunct Licensing in the AuxRange -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Preliminaries -- 7.2.1 The Issues -- 7.2.2 Syntax -- 7.2.2.1 Clause Structure -- 7.2.2.2 Head Movement -- 7.2.2.3 The Scope Principle -- 7.2.3 Semantics -- 7.2.3.1 Tense -- 7.2.3.2 Aspect and Event-Building -- 7.2.3.3 Propositions and Events -- 7.3 The Syntax of Predicational Adverbs: Review -- 7.4 Functional Adverbs -- 7.4.1 Review of Major Principles -- 7.4.2 Time-Related Adjuncts -- 7.4.2.1 Overview -- 7.4.2.2 Loc-Time Adverbials -- 7.4.2.3 Duration Adverbials -- 7.4.2.4 Aspectual Adjuncts -- 7.4.3 Frequency Adjuncts -- 7.4.4 Focusing and Clausal-Degree Adverbs -- 7.4.5 Purpose, Causal, Conditional, Result -- 7.4.6 Summary -- 7.5 Support for the Scope-Based Theory -- 7.5.1 Goals -- 7.5.2 Functional/Functional Pairs -- 7.5.2.1 Introduction -- 7.5.2.2 Aspectual Adverbs -- 7.5.2.3 Frequency Adverbs -- 7.5.2.4 Focusing/Clausal-Degree Adverbs -- 7.5.2.5 Summary -- 7.5.3 Predicational/Functional Pairs -- 7.5.3.1 Introduction -- 7.5.3.2 Functionals and Subject-Oriented Adverbs -- 7.5.3.3 Functionals and Speaker-Oriented Adverbs -- 7.5.3.4 Functionals and Exocomparatives -- 7.5.4 Summary and Conclusion -- 7.6 Adjunct-Verb Order and Variation in the AuxRange -- 7.6.1 Introduction -- 7.6.2 Previous Approaches -- 7.6.3 An Alternative -- 7.6.4 Discussion -- 7.6.5 Summary -- 7.7 Conclusion -- 8 Adjuncts in Clause-Initial Projections -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Overview -- 8.1.2 Goals and Organization -- 8.2 Adjunction to T ́-- 8.2.1 Introduction.

8.2.2 The I-́Restriction.