Historical Linguistics 2005 -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Foreword -- Grammaticalization -- Lexicalization and grammaticalization all over again -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic assumptions -- 3. Significant similarities and differences between lexicalization and grammaticalization -- 3.1. Major similarities -- 3.2. Major differences -- 4. Proposed unified view -- 4.1. Lexicon as inventory -- 4.2. Input to the inventory -- 4.3. Lexicalization and grammaticalization -- 4.4. Compounding and conversion -- 5. Evidence from all in combinatory constructions -- 5.1. All and word-formation in the history of English -- 5.2. All in syntactic combinations in the history of English -- 6. Conclusion -- Sources of data -- References -- Grammaticalization as reduction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Zoque focus constructions -- 3. A mentalist theory of grammaticalization -- 4. Grammaticalization in Zoque -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Metaphor and teleology do not drive grammaticalization -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metaphor -- 2.1. Potential cases of metaphorically-driven grammatical constructions -- 2.2. Superficial conflict with established metaphors -- 2.3. Lexical semantics and grammaticalization -- 2.4. Continuum effects - varying stages of development -- 2.5. Changes orthogonal to metaphor -- 3. Teleology -- 3.1. `Problems' in language -- 3.2. Methodological considerations -- 4. Awareness of grammatical change -- 4.1. Planning grammatical change -- 4.2. Consciousness of metaphorical use -- 5. Relationship between metaphorical and teleological analyses -- 6. What instead of metaphor and teleology? -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Syntax and semantics -- Processing factors in syntactic variation and change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Clitic placement in Medieval and Renaissance Spanish.

2.1. Clitic placement in 13th century Spanish -- 2.2. Clitic placement in 16th century Spanish -- 3. Dynamic Syntax accounts for Medieval and Renaissance Spanish clitics -- 3.1. Clitics in 13th century Spanish -- 3.2. Clitics in 16th century Spanish and the diachronic change -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Dynamic Syntax and dialogue modelling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Towards a Dynamic Syntax of Latin -- 2.1. The parsing mechanism -- 2.2. The left periphery -- 2.3. Production -- 3. Pronoun placement: Latin and Medieval Spanish -- 4. Alignment, routinization and change -- 5. The syntax-pragmatics interface -- References -- An economy approach to the triggering of the Russian instrumental predicate case -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The parameter of non-verbal predication -- 3. Two minimal principles of grammar change -- 4. Principle 1: Instrumental case as the case of nominal predication -- 4.1. The initial trigger: Spontaneous extension of the lexical instrumental case -- 4.2. Theta-role conflict and reanalysis -- 4.3. Cues or triggers lost -- 5. Extension of the reanalysed instrumental case over case agreement -- 6. Principle 2: The instrumental predicative case on adjectives -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Change and variation in ga/no conversion in Tokyo Japanese -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1. Corpus-based analysis -- 2.2. Subjects and speech data -- 2.3. Envelope of variation -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Language change -- 3.2. Language external/internal factors -- 4. GNC and the Constant Rate Hypothesis -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Perfect change -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Background -- 1.1. The meaning(s) of `the' English PP and semantic change -- 1.2. Rhetorical relations and the temporal structure of discourse -- 2. Use of the PP in Australian English -- 2.1. Overview of non-standard uses: Summary of previous findings.

2.2. The PP in discourse: An analysis of pragmatic innovation -- 3. Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Variable use of negation in Middle Low German -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Negation and clause structure in MLG -- 3. Empirical analysis: Variable use of negation in MLG -- 3.1. Data collection and general frequencies -- 3.2. Significant factors in variable use of negation -- 4. The Constant Rate Effect and Jespersen's Cycle -- 5. Summary and conclusions -- Bibliography -- Sources -- References -- Is there a DP in Old English? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical background -- 3. Adjective word order -- 3.1. Position of attributive adjectives -- 4. Co-occurring possessives and demonstratives -- 4.1. The demonstrative-first order -- 4.2. The possessive-first order -- 5. Noun movement -- 6. Conclusion -- Primary texts -- References -- Morphology -- Some semantic and pragmatic aspects of case-loss in Old French -- 1. Preliminaries -- 1.1. Lexical semantics -- 1.2. Discourse pragmatics -- 2. A case study -- 2.1. The text -- 2.2. Selection of text -- 3. Method -- 4. Results -- 5. Testing the lexical-semantic hypothesis -- 6. Analysis of the data - lexical semantics -- 7. Analysis of the data: Discourse pragmatics -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- The final stages of deflection -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chronological survey -- 3. Preterite modals -- 3.1. Preterite agreement after modal -- 3.2. Preterite after te ``to'' -- 3.3. Preterite agreement after het -- 4. Afrikaans auxiliary verbs -- 5. The auxiliary het ``have'' -- 5.1. Het substituted for infinitive -- 5.2. Het's increase in functional load -- 5.3. Het as clitic -- 6. Deflection and the Afrikaans verb cluster -- References -- Demonstrative paradigm splitting in the Pilbara languages of Western Australia -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A reconstruction of the distal and proximal demonstratives.

3. Reconstructing the mid-distal demonstrative -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Infinitival forms in Aramaic* -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The evidence -- 1.1. Old Aramaic (925? b.c.e. - 700 b.c.e.) -- 1.2. Official Aramaic (700 b.c.e. - 200 b.c.e.) -- 1.3. Middle Aramaic (200 b.c.e - 200 c.e.) -- 1.4. Late Aramaic (200 c.e. - 700 c.e.) -- 1.5. Neo-Aramaic (700 c.e. -) -- 2. Discussion -- 2.1. G stem -- 2.2. Derived stems -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- The role of productivity in word-formation change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A diachronic corpus study of German -er nominalization -- 2.1. The word-formation pattern surveyed -- 2.2. The Mainz Newspaper Corpus -- 2.3. Productivity indicators surveyed -- 3. Word-formation change in the Mainz Newspaper Corpus -- 3.1. Changes in the semantics of -er nominals -- 3.2. Changes in the word category of the base -- 4. Causes for change in German -er nominalization -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Appendix -- 6.1. Mainz Newspaper Corpus: Overview (non-standardized) -- 6.2. -er nominals in MNC: Types V (per 100,000 word forms) -- 6.3. -er nominals in the MNC: productivity in the narrow sense (P) -- References -- Phonetics and phonology -- Structured imbalances in the emergence of the Korean vowel system -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The emerging resolution of asymmetries in the Middle Korean vowel system -- 2. On the diphthongal status of orthographic in Middle Korean -- 3. Feature analysis of the historical monophthongization/ diphthongization events -- 3.1. Decline of the off-glides -- 3.2. Feature description of the inversion -- 4. Concluding summary -- References -- Final features and proto-Uto-Aztecan -- 1. Final features in Uto-Aztecan -- 2. pUA Coronal Consonants *t, *r, *n, *¢, (*s), and palatal *y -- 3. Changes in pUA *r (or *l) -- 3.1. *n and *"5D (Sapir 1915:to.11em315.

Voegelin, Voegelin & Hale 1962:to.11em30 -- Kaufman ms, 1981 -- Silver & Miller 1998) -- 3.2. *r and *n -- 4. Manaster Ramer's pUA closed syllables -- 5. *-ri, *-ra are the source of many ``syllable final nasals'' -- 5.1. Reflexes of *-ri and *-ra -- 5.2. Evidence for *-r(V) as one source of Manaster Ramer's ``morpheme internal syllable final nasal'' -- 5.3. *CV-ri stems -- 5.4. *CV(C)CV-R -- 6. *CVNV roots -- 6.1. *cun (Miller & Hill, ka-20) ``end, point'' -- 6.2. *monV ``in-law'' -- p-Numic (Iannucci 94) *mona, *muna ``son-in-law'': -- 7. A note on UA geminating stems -- 8. Conclusions -- 8.1. Final features do not reconstruct to proto-Uto-Aztecan -- 8.2. Isoglosses involving *r and *n cut across a north-south division -- References -- Facts, theory and dogmas in historical linguistics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vowel length in Latin: Facts and theory -- 3. Vowel length from Latin to Romance: Three basic types -- 4. Open Syllable Lengthening in standard Italian (and Proto-Romance) -- 5. Digression 1: Vowel length and the variability of syllable structure -- 6. Loss of OSL: Ibero-Romance and Daco-Romance -- 7. The Northern (Italo-)Romance type -- 7.1. The facts -- 7.2. The analyses -- 7.3. The method -- 8. Digression 2: The rise of Raddoppiamento Fonosintattico -- 9. Philological evidence for the rise of PRom open syllable lengthening -- 10. The true story of VQ in Northern Romance -- 10.1. The comparative picture -- 10.2. Making sense of the comparative picture -- 10.3. A phonetic constraint on vowel length: Rhythmic compensation -- 11. Conclusion -- References -- On the irregularity of Open Syllable Lengthening in German -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Previous approaches to the irregularity of OSL in German -- 3. Sound change versus prosodic change -- 4. Segmental lengthening in Upper German dialects -- 4.1. Lengthening of monosyllables in Swiss German.

4.2. Cimbrian (Bavarian).