Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1 Introduction -- Introduction -- 1 Broad developments in relation to minority protection at global and regional level -- 2 Synergies -- 2.1 Express cross-referencing -- 2.2 Substantive convergences -- 2.3 Emergence of similar working methods -- 3 By way of conclusion: limits of and future prospects for synergies in minority protection -- Part A Minorities-specific instruments, provisions and institutions -- 2 The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Article 27 and other provisions -- Introduction -- 1 The minority concept -- 2 Membership in a group -- 3 Positive state obligations and the group dimension of the minority phenomenon -- 4 Minorities and indigenous peoples -- 5 The right of self-determination -- 6 Synergies with other general human rights -- 7 Procedural issues -- 8 References to other standards or procedures -- 9 Conclusion -- 3 The United Nations Working Group on Minorities -- Introduction -- 1 UN human rights regime and the WGM -- 1.1 The UN and the problem of minorities -- 1.2 The WGM and the intra-state framework of the 1992 Minorities Declaration -- 1.3 Institutional framework and WGM modus operandi -- 1.3.1 Broad-based consultation at dialogue sessions -- 1.3.2 Participation of other human rights bodies -- 1.3.3 Utility and limits of the dialogue process -- 1.3.4 Establishing the parameters and nature of discourse -- 1.3.5 Visits -- 2 Synergies regarding questions of definition? -- 2.1 The declaration and 'national minorities' -- 2.2 Contentious issues and flexible approaches in identifying minority groups -- 2.3 Groups: peoples, indigenous groups and minorities -- 3 Synergies in standard-setting -- 3.1 Developing minority declaration standards.

3.2 Engaging with regional minority regimes and standard-setting synergies -- 3.3 Exploring minority standards -- 3.3.1 Effective participation in the governance of states -- 3.3.1.1 National decision-making -- 3.3.1.2 Self-determination and autonomy -- 3.3.1.3 Socio-economic rights/development -- 4 Cultivating the WGM'S global mandate by going regional -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Postscript The United Nations Independent Expert on Minority Issues -- 6.1 Synergies within OHCHR -- 6.2 Synergies with other mandates -- 6.3 Synergies with the wider UN system -- 6.4 Working with civil society partners -- 4 The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities -- Introduction -- 1 Brief overview of the High Commissioner's mandate and working methods -- 2 Thematic recommendations -- 2.1 General observations -- 2.2 Recommendations on policing in multi-ethnic societies -- 2.2.1 Are the new recommendations of additional value? -- 3 Thematic recommendations regarding new minorities? -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 The Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities -- Introduction -- 1 The concept of 'minority' and the personal scope of application of the FCNM -- 1.1 The human rights perspective -- 1.2 States parties' approach to the scope of application -- 1.3 The approach of the Advisory Committee -- 2 Ensuring equality for persons belonging to minorities -- 2.1 Legal measures prohibiting discrimination -- 2.2 Problems in the equality before the law and equal protection of the law -- 2.3 On availability of remedies -- 2.4 Citizenship allocation and its impact on inequality -- 2.5 Poverty and deprivation of the Roma -- 2.6 Measures to promote equality do not constitute discrimination -- 3 Promoting conditions for minority culture and identity -- 3.1 On support for minority associations and their cultural activities.

3.2 Diversity, separation or integration -- 4 Creating conditions for effective participation -- 4.1 On participation in public life -- 4.2 On effective participation in social and economic life -- 4.3 Contexts of participation faced by the Advisory Committee -- 5 Procedural and institutional developments under the FCNM -- 5.1 Outline of the monitoring procedure -- 5.2 Assessment of the procedure -- 6 Conclusions and summary -- 6.1 The concept of 'minorities' -- 6.2 Integration versus separation -- 6.3 The monitoring process -- 6.4 Note on source documentation -- 6 The Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages -- Introduction -- 1 Scope of application of the Charter -- 1.1 Application to so-called 'new minorities' -- 1.2 Self-determination -- 2 Structure and content of the Charter -- 3 Implementation of the Charter -- 3.1 Working methods -- 3.2 Substantive developments arising from the monitoring process -- 4 Relationship of the Charter with other instruments -- 5 Conclusion -- PART B Non-minorities-specific instruments, provisions and institutions -- 7 Developments relating to minorities in the law on genocide -- Introduction -- 1 Identifying the group -- 2 'Cultural' genocide and the Convention -- 3 Crimes against humanity and the protection of minorities -- 4 Conclusion -- 8 The United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- Introduction -- 1 The conceptualisation of minority protection in the text of the Covenant -- 1.1 Non-discrimination, self-determination and the introduction of 'collective' and 'dynamic' components -- 1.2 The protection of the family and children -- 1.3 The protection of education -- 1.4 The protection of culture -- 2 The interpretation of the Covenant's text -- 2.1 Direct state statements -- 2.2 The Committee's interpretation -- 2.2.1 The General Comments.

2.2.1.1 Recognition and scope of protection -- 2.2.1.2 Education -- 2.2.1.3 Work -- 2.2.1.4 Gender -- 2.2.1.5 Creation and authorship -- 2.2.1.6 Inter-state relations -- 2.2.2 The Committee's assessment of individual state performance -- 3 Conclusion -- 9 The United Nations International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination -- Introduction -- 1 Scope of application of ICERD: the concept of racial discrimination -- 2 Monitoring of the implementation of the ICERD -- 3 Themes in the monitoring of the ICERD of particular relevance to minorities -- 3.1 Equality issues -- 3.2 Linguistic issues -- 3.3 Education -- 3.4 Roma -- 3.5 Virulent racial discrimination -- 3.6 Self-determination -- 4 Relative successes and failures in implementation -- 4.1 Changes to domestic laws -- 4.2 CERD/C's 'good offices' -- 4.3 Interaction with other international bodies -- 4.4 Continuing obstacles -- 5 Conclusion -- 10 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Children Belonging to Minority Groups -- Introduction -- 1 Reporting, monitoring, concluding observations -- 2 Specific CRC provisions for minority groups -- 2.1 Some general remarks -- 2.2 Article 2: non-discrimination -- 2.3 Article 17: right to information -- 2.4 Article 29: aims of education -- 2.5 Article 30: specific rights of minority groups -- 2.6 Reservations/declarations to Article 30 -- 2.7 Concluding observations concerning Article 30 -- 2.8 Indigenous children -- 3 Some final remarks -- 11 UNESCO's Convention Against Discrimination in Education -- Introduction -- 1 UNESCO's mandate in the field of human rights -- 2 The Convention Against Discrimination in Education (CADE) -- 2.1 The general provisions -- 2.2 The minority provision -- 3 CADE's supervisory mechanism -- 4 CCR's examination of minority issues.

5 An assessment of CCR's examination of minority issues -- 12 A patchwork of 'successful' and 'missed' synergies in the jurisprudence of the ECHR -- Introduction -- 1 Synergies 'sensu stricto'? -- 1.1 Equality and non-discrimination -- 1.2 Participatory rights -- 1.2.1 Article 3, First Additional Protocol -- 1.2.1.1 A linguistic component -- 1.2.2 Freedom of association -- 1.3 Educational rights -- 1.4 Linguistic rights -- 1.5 Special attention to Roma -- 2 Synergies in the broad sense: special attention for the minority phenomenon -- 2.1 The right to respect for one's own way of life -- 2.2 Freedom of religion -- 2.3 Freedom of expression -- Outline placeholder -- 2.3.1 Protection against hate speech -- 2.3.2 Protecting religious sensitivities? -- 3 Overall assessment of the ECHR's jurisprudence and minority protection successful and failed synergies -- 4 Succinct overview of synergies in relation to minority protection in the work of other Council of Europe bodies ECRI, the Venice Commission and DH-MIN -- 4.1 ECRI -- 4.2 Venice Commission - commission of democracy through law -- 4.3 Committee of Experts on Issues Relating to the Protection of National Minorities (DH-MIN) -- 13 The many faces of minority policy in the European Union -- Introduction a fragmented regime -- 1 The main strands of the European Union's minority policy -- 1.1 The rights of EU citizens and third-country nationals -- 1.2 The policy on race and ethnic discrimination -- 1.3 Education and culture -- 1.4 External relations -- 2 A note on monitoring -- 3 Conclusion -- 14 Developments under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights relevant to minorities -- Introduction -- 1 Situating minorities in Africa -- 2 The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights -- 2.1 The concept of peoples -- 2.2 African Charter provisions relevant to minorities.

3 The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights.