Cover -- Brief Contents -- Contents -- Essays -- Preface -- A Note to Students -- About the Authors -- About the Cover -- Ch 1: Chemistry and Measurement -- 1.1 Modern Chemistry: A Brief Glimpse -- 1.2 Experiment and Explanation -- 1.3 Law of Conservation of Mass -- 1.4 Matter: Physical State and Chemical Constitution -- 1.5 Measurement and Significant Figures -- 1.6 SI Units -- 1.7 Derived Units -- 1.8 Units and Dimensional Analysis (Factor-Label Method) -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions -- 2.1 Atomic Theory of Matter -- 2.2 The Structure of the Atom -- 2.3 Nuclear Structure -- Isotopes -- 2.4 Atomic Masses -- 2.5 Periodic Table of the Elements -- 2.6 Chemical Formulas -- Molecular and Ionic Substances -- 2.7 Organic Compounds -- 2.8 Naming Simple Compounds -- 2.9 Writing Chemical Equations -- 2.10 Balancing Chemical Equations -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 3: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations -- 3.1 Molecular Mass and Formula Mass -- 3.2 The Mole Concept -- 3.3 Mass Percentages from the Formula -- 3.4 Elemental Analysis: Percentages of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen -- 3.5 Determining Formulas -- 3.6 Molar Interpretation of a Chemical Equation -- 3.7 Amounts of Substances in a Chemical Reaction -- 3.8 Limiting Reactant -- Theoretical and Percentage Yields -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 4: Chemical Reactions -- 4.1 Ionic Theory of Solutions and Solubility Rules -- 4.2 Molecular and Ionic Equations -- 4.3 Precipitation Reactions -- 4.4 Acid-Base Reactions -- 4.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- 4.6 Balancing Simple Oxidation-Reduction Equations -- 4.7 Molar Concentration -- 4.8 Diluting Solutions -- 4.9 Gravimetric Analysis -- 4.10 Volumetric Analysis -- A Checklist for Review.

Questions and Problems -- Ch 5: The Gaseous State -- 5.1 Gas Pressure and Its Measurement -- 5.2 Empirical Gas Laws -- 5.3 The Ideal Gas Law -- 5.4 Stoichiometry Problems Involving Gas Volumes -- 5.5 Gas Mixtures -- Law of Partial Pressures -- 5.6 Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas -- 5.7 Molecular Speeds -- Diffusion and Effusion -- 5.8 Real Gases -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 6: Thermochemistry -- 6.1 Energy and Its Units -- 6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics -- Work and Heat -- 6.3 Heat of Reaction -- Enthalpy of Reaction -- 6.4 Thermochemical Equations -- 6.5 Applying Stoichiometry to Heats of Reaction -- 6.6 Measuring Heats of Reaction -- 6.7 Hess's Law -- 6.8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation -- 6.9 Fuels-Foods, Commercial Fuels, and Rocket Fuels -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 7: Quantum Theory of the Atom -- 7.1 The Wave Nature of Light -- 7.2 Quantum Effects and Photons -- 7.3 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom -- 7.4 Quantum Mechanics -- 7.5 Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 8: Electron Configurations and Periodicity -- 8.1 Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle -- 8.2 Building-Up Principle and the Periodic Table -- 8.3 Writing Electron Configurations Using the Periodic Table -- 8.4 Orbital Diagrams of Atoms -- Hund's Rule -- 8.5 Mendeleev's Predictions from the Periodic Table -- 8.6 Some Periodic Properties -- 8.7 Periodicity in the Main-Group Elements -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 9: Ionic and Covalent Bonding -- 9.1 Describing Ionic Bonds -- 9.2 Electron Configurations of Ions -- 9.3 Ionic Radii -- 9.4 Describing Covalent Bonds -- 9.5 Polar Covalent Bonds -- Electronegativity -- 9.6 Writing Lewis Electron-Dot Formulas -- 9.7 Delocalized Bonding: Resonance.

9.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule -- 9.9 Formal Charge and Lewis Formulas -- 9.10 Bond Length and Bond Order -- 9.11 Bond Enthalpy -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 10: Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory -- 10.1 The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model -- 10.2 Dipole Moment and Molecular Geometry -- 10.3 Valence Bond Theory -- 10.4 Description of Multiple Bonding -- 10.5 Principles of Molecular Orbital Theory -- 10.6 Electron Configurations of Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements -- 10.7 Molecular Orbitals and Delocalized Bonding -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 11: States of Matter -- Liquids and Solids -- 11.1 Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids -- 11.2 Phase Transitions -- 11.3 Phase Diagrams -- 11.4 Properties of Liquids -- Surface Tension and Viscosity -- 11.5 Intermolecular Forces -- Explaining Liquid Properties -- 11.6 Classification of Solids by Type of Attraction of Units -- 11.7 Crystalline Solids -- Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells -- 11.8 Structures of Some Crystalline Solids -- 11.9 Calculations Involving Unit-Cell Dimensions -- 11.10 Determining Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 12: Solutions -- 12.1 Types of Solutions -- 12.2 Solubility and the Solution Process -- 12.3 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility -- 12.4 Ways of Expressing Concentration -- 12.5 Vapor Pressure of a Solution -- 12.6 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression -- 12.7 Osmosis -- 12.8 Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutions -- 12.9 Colloids -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 13: Rates of Reaction -- 13.1 Definition of Reaction Rate -- 13.2 Experimental Determination of Rate -- 13.3 Dependence of Rate on Concentration.

13.4 Change of Concentration with Time -- 13.5 Temperature and Rate -- Collision and Transition-State Theories -- 13.6 Arrhenius Equation -- 13.7 Elementary Reactions -- 13.8 The Rate Law and the Mechanism -- 13.9 Catalysis -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 14: Chemical Equilibrium -- 14.1 Chemical Equilibrium-A Dynamic Equilibrium -- 14.2 The Equilibrium Constant -- 14.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria -- Solvents in Homogeneous Equilibria -- 14.4 Qualitatively Interpreting the Equilibrium Constant -- 14.5 Predicting the Direction of Reaction -- 14.6 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations -- 14.7 Removing Products or Adding Reactants -- 14.8 Changing the Pressure and Temperature -- 14.9 Effect of a Catalyst -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 15: Acids and Bases -- 15.1 Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases -- 15.2 Bronsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases -- 15.3 Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases -- 15.4 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases -- 15.5 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength -- 15.6 Autoionization of Water -- 15.7 Solutions of a Strong Acid or Base -- 15.8 The pH of a Solution -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 16: Acid-Base Equilibria -- 16.1 Acid-Ionization Equilibria -- 16.2 Polyprotic Acids -- 16.4 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions -- 16.5 Common-Ion Effect -- 16.6 Buffers -- 16.7 Acid-Base Titration Curves -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 17: Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria -- 17.1 The Solubility Product Constant -- 17.2 Solubility and the Common-Ion Effect -- 17.3 Precipitation Calculations -- 17.4 Effect of pH on Solubility -- 17.5 Complex-Ion Formation -- 17.6 Complex Ions and Solubility -- 17.7 Qualitative Analysis of Metal Ions -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems.

Ch 18: Thermodynamics and Equilibrium -- 18.1 First Law of Thermodynamics: A Review -- 18.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 18.3 Standard Entropies and the Third Law of Thermodynamics -- 18.4 Free Energy and Spontaneity -- 18.5 Interpretation of Free Energy -- 18.6 Relating G to the Equilibrium Constant -- 18.7 Change of Free Energy with Temperature -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 19: Electrochemistry -- 19.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Acidic and Basic Solutions -- 19.2 Construction of Voltaic Cells -- 19.3 Notation for Voltaic Cells -- 19.4 Cell Potential -- 19.5 Standard Cell Potentials and Standard Electrode Potentials -- 19.6 Equilibrium Constants from Cell Potentials -- 19.7 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration -- 19.8 Some Commercial Voltaic Cells -- 19.9 Electrolysis of Molten Salts -- 19.10 Aqueous Electrolysis -- 19.11 Stoichiometry of Electrolysis -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 20: Nuclear Chemistry -- 20.1 Radioactivity -- 20.2 Nuclear Bombardment Reactions -- 20.3 Radiations and Matter: Detection and Biological Effects -- 20.4 Rate of Radioactive Decay -- 20.5 Applications of Radioactive Isotopes -- 20.6 Mass-Energy Calculations -- 20.7 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion -- A Checklist for Review -- Questions and Problems -- Ch 21: Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements -- 21.1 General Observations about the Main-Group Elements -- 21.2 Metals: Characteristics and Production -- 21.3 Bonding in Metals -- 21.4 Group IA: The Alkali Metals -- 21.5 Group IIA: The Alkaline Earth Metals -- 21.6 Group IIIA and Group IVA Metals -- 21.7 Hydrogen -- 21.8 Group IVA: The Carbon Family -- 21.9 Group VA: Nitrogen and the Phosphorus Family -- 21.10 Group VIA: Oxygen and the Sulfur Family -- 21.11 Group VIIA: The Halogens.

21.12 Group VIIIA: The Noble Gases.