Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Current State and Future Potential -- 1.1 Historical Review -- 1.2 Global Tilapia Production -- 1.2.1 Capture fisheries -- 1.2.2 Aquaculture -- 1.2.3 Major producers -- 1.2.4 Major cultured species -- 1.3 Tilapia Production in Asia -- 1.3.1 Major producers -- 1.3.2 Major cultured species -- 1.4 Tilapia Production in Africa -- 1.4.1 Major producers -- 1.4.2 Major cultured species -- 1.5 Tilapia Production in South America -- 1.5.1 Major producers -- 1.5.2 Major cultured species -- 1.6 Tilapia Production in North America and the Caribbean -- 1.6.1 Major producers -- 1.6.2 Major cultured species -- 1.7 Future Potential -- 1.8 Constraints -- 2 Basic Biology and Ecology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Taxonomy -- 2.3 Body Shape and External Morphology -- 2.4 Geographical Distribution -- 2.5 Factors Affecting Tilapia Distribution -- 2.5.1 Habitat diversity -- 2.5.2 Environmental conditions -- 2.6 Introductions and Transfers -- 2.6.1 Introductions in Africa -- 2.6.2 Introductions outside Africa -- 2.7 Feeding Habits -- 2.8 Gut Morphology -- 2.9 Closing Remarks -- 3 Environmental Requirements -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Temperature -- 3.3 Salinity -- 3.4 Dissolved Oxygen -- 3.5 Ammonia and Nitrite -- 3.5.1 Ammonia -- 3.5.2 Nitrite -- 3.6 pH -- 3.7 Photoperiod -- 3.8 Water Turbidity -- 3.9 Closing Remarks -- 4 Semi-intensive Culture -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 An Overview of Pond Fertilization -- 4.3 Fertilization of Tilapia Ponds -- 4.3.1 Organic fertilizers -- 4.3.2 Inorganic fertilizers -- 4.3.3 Periphyton-based pond culture -- 4.4 Supplemental Feeding -- 4.4.1 Rationale -- 4.4.2 Timing of supplemental feeding -- 4.4.3 On-farm feed resources -- 4.4.4 On-farm feed formulation and preparation -- 4.5 Polyculture -- 4.6 Integrated Culture -- 4.6.1 Tilapia culture in rice fields.

4.6.2 Animal-tilapia culture -- 4.7 Economic Efficiency of Integrated Culture -- 4.8 Closing Remarks -- 5 Intensive Culture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Stocking Density -- 5.3 Intensive Culture in Earthen Ponds -- 5.3.1 Stocking density -- 5.3.2 Water exchange -- 5.4 Cage Culture -- 5.4.1 Factors affecting cage culture -- 5.4.2 Cage culture in Asia -- 5.4.3 Cage culture in Africa -- 5.4.4 Cage culture in Latin America -- 5.4.5 Cage culture in fertilized ponds and pond effluents -- 5.4.6 Tilapia culture in sea cages -- 5.5 Tank and Raceway Culture -- 5.5.1 Tank size and shape -- 5.5.2 Stocking density and fish size -- 5.5.3 Water exchange and flow rate -- 5.5.4 Raceway culture -- 5.6 Green-water Tank Culture -- 5.7 Tilapia Culture in Recirculating Systems -- 5.8 Effluent Treatment and Management -- 5.8.1 Waste settlement and removal -- 5.8.2 Removal of ammonia and nitrites -- 5.8.3 Water discharge -- 5.9 Tilapia Production in Aquaponic Systems -- 5.10 Closing Remarks -- 6 Nutrition and Feeding -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Protein Requirements -- 6.3 Amino Acid Requirements -- 6.4 Protein Sources -- 6.4.1 Animal protein sources -- 6.4.2 Plant protein sources -- 6.4.3 Single-cell proteins -- 6.5 Economic Evaluation of Protein Sources -- 6.6 Measurement of Dietary Energy -- 6.7 Dietary Lipid Requirements -- 6.7.1 Essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements -- 6.8 Carbohydrate Utilization -- 6.9 Vitamin Requirements -- 6.10 Mineral Requirements -- 6.11 Feeding Regimes and Practices -- 6.12 Closing Remarks -- 7 Reproduction and Seed Production -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Modes of Reproduction -- 7.3 Age and Size at First Maturity -- 7.4 Fecundity and Egg Characteristics -- 7.5 Broodstock Management -- 7.5.1 Broodstock selection -- 7.5.2 Stocking density and sex ratio -- 7.5.3 Spawning intervals -- 7.5.4 Broodstock exchange -- 7.6 Broodstock Nutrition.

7.6.1 Protein requirements -- 7.6.2 Lipid requirements -- 7.6.3 Vitamin and mineral requirements -- 7.6.4 Feeding management -- 7.7 Environmental Factors -- 7.7.1 Dissolved oxygen -- 7.7.2 Temperature -- 7.7.3 Salinity -- 7.7.4 Photoperiod and light intensity -- 7.7.5 Water level and exchange -- 7.8 Production of Monosex Tilapia -- 7.8.1 Manual sexing -- 7.8.2 Hormonal sex reversal -- 7.8.3 Hybridization -- 7.9 Seed Production -- 7.9.1 Hatching systems -- 7.9.2 Egg hatching and yolk-sac absorption -- 7.10 Larval Rearing and Growth -- 7.10.1 Stocking density -- 7.10.2 Food and feeding regimes -- 7.10.3 Photoperiod -- 7.10.4 Water flow and replacement -- 7.11 Closing Remarks -- 8 Stress and Diseases -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Stress -- 8.3 Major Diseases -- 8.4 Parasitic Diseases -- 8.4.1 Protozoan diseases -- 8.4.2 Other ciliates -- 8.4.3 Flagellated protozoa -- 8.4.4 Sporozoan diseases -- 8.4.5 Metazoan parasites -- 8.4.6 Parasitic crustaceans -- 8.5 Bacterial Diseases -- 8.5.1 Motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS) -- 8.5.2 Pseudomonas -- 8.5.3 Vibriosis -- 8.5.4 Streptococcosis -- 8.5.5 Staphylococcosis -- 8.5.6 Mycobacteriosis -- 8.5.7 Edwardsiellosis -- 8.5.8 Columnaris disease -- 8.5.9 Other bacterial diseases -- 8.6 Fungal Diseases -- 8.6.1 Saprolegniasis -- 8.6.2 Branchiomyces -- 8.6.3 Aspergillus -- 8.7 Viral Diseases -- 8.8 Non-infectious Diseases and Disorders -- 8.8.1 Gas bubble disease -- 8.8.2 Nutritional diseases -- 8.8.3 Disorders caused by pollutants -- 8.9 Closing Remarks -- 9 Harvesting, Processing and Economics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Harvesting -- 9.3 Handling -- 9.4 Processing -- 9.4.1 Cooling -- 9.4.2 Filleting -- 9.4.3 Rigor mortis -- 9.4.4 Radiation -- 9.5 Marketing and Economics -- 9.5.1 System economics -- 9.5.2 Risk analysis -- 9.6 Domestic Markets -- 9.7 Global Markets -- 9.7.1 The US market.

9.7.2 Other international markets -- 9.8 Closing Remarks -- 10 The Role of Tilapia Culture in Rural Development -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Tilapia and Rural Development -- 10.3 Tilapia and Rural Development in Asia -- 10.3.1 The Philippines -- 10.3.2 Thailand -- 10.3.3 Bangladesh -- 10.3.4 Other Asian countries -- 10.4 Tilapia and Rural Development in Africa -- 10.4.1 Tilapia and food security -- 10.4.2 Aquaculture/agriculture integration -- 10.5 Tilapia and Rural Development in Latin America and the Caribbean -- 10.6 Closing Remarks -- 11 Recent Technological Innovations -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Transgenesis -- 11.2.1 Growth enhancement -- 11.2.2 Cold resistance -- 11.2.3 Producing pharmaceutical products -- 11.2.4 Risk assessment -- 11.3 Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) -- 11.3.1 Growth and survival -- 11.3.2 Early and late maturation -- 11.3.3 Red body colour -- 11.3.4 Cold resistance -- 11.3.5 GenoMar Supreme Tilapia and GET EXCEL tilapia -- 11.4 Gynogenesis, Androgenesis and Cloning -- 11.5 Triploidy -- 11.6 Production of Genetically Male Nile Tilapia (GMT) -- 11.7 Disease Management -- 11.8 Feed and Feeding -- 11.8.1 Amino acid versus mineral supplementation -- 11.8.2 Phytase supplementation -- 11.8.3 Essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements -- 11.8.4 Feeding regimes -- 11.9 Innovations in Farming Systems -- 11.9.1 Effluent treatment and management -- 11.9.2 Tilapia production in aquaponic systems -- 11.10 Future Prospects -- 12 Environmental Impacts -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Transfers and Introductions -- 12.2.1 Successful introductions -- 12.2.2 Impacts on native aquatic species -- 12.3 Genetic Pollution -- 12.3.1 Hybridization -- 12.3.2 Inbreeding -- 12.3.3 Transgenesis -- 12.4 Farm Effluents and Organic Enrichments -- 12.5 Bioactive Compounds -- 12.6 Hormones -- 12.7 Reducing Environmental Impacts.

12.7.1 Management of introductions and transfers -- 12.7.2 Effluent management -- 12.7.3 Reducing nutrient loading through green-water tank culture -- 12.7.4 Removing nutrients through aquatic plants -- 12.7.5 Removing nutrients through aquaponic systems -- 12.8 Closing Remarks -- References -- General Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- Species Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- V.