MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR THE 1990s -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations -- SUMMARY -- CONCLUSIONS -- Role of Materials in Industry -- Opportunities in Materials Science and Engineering -- Emerging Unity and Coherence of the Elementsof Materials Science and Engineering -- Instrumentation and Modeling -- Education -- Infrastructure and Modes of Research -- Federal Support for Materials Science and Engineering -- Materials Science and Engineering in Selected Countries -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Strengthening Materials Science and Engineering -- Maintaining and Improving the Infrastructure forResearch in Materials Science and Engineering -- Recognizing and Developing Unifying Trendsin the Field of Materials Science and Engineering -- Universities: Unity in Education -- Industry: Collaborating with Universities -- Government: Bringing the Partners Together -- 1 What Is Materials Science and Engineering? -- MODERN MATERIALS -- MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AS A FIELD -- WHO ARE MATERIALS SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS? -- SCOPE OF THIS REPORT -- 2 Materials Science and Engineering and National Economic and Strategic Security -- SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE ANDENGINEERING IN INDUSTRY -- Aerospace Industry -- Scope of the Industry -- Role of Materials in the Aerospace Industry -- Needs and Opportunities -- Automotive Industry -- Scope of the Industry -- Role of Materials in the Automotive Industry -- Needs and Opportunities -- Research Opportunities -- Biomaterials Industry -- Scope of the Industry -- Role of Materials in the Biomaterials Industry -- Needs and Opportunities -- Research Opportunities and Issues -- Chemical Industry -- Scope of the Industry -- Role of Materials in the Chemical Industry -- Needs and Opportunities -- Electronics Industry -- Scope of the Industry.

Role of Materials in the Electronics Industry -- Needs and Opportunities -- Energy Industry -- Scope of the Industry -- Role of Materials in the Energy Industry -- Needs and Opportunities -- Metals Industry -- Status of the Industry -- Role of Materials in the Metals Industry -- Needs, Opportunities, and Issues -- Telecommunications Industry -- Scope of the Industry -- Role of Materials in the Telecommunications Industry -- Needs and Opportunities -- Research Opportunities and Issues -- SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE ANDENGINEERING FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR -- Department of Defense -- Department of Energy -- Department of Transportation -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- FINDINGS -- 3 Research Opportunities and Functional Roles of Materials -- STRUCTURAL MATERIALS -- Metals -- Ceramics -- Polymers -- Composites -- ELECTRONIC MATERIALS -- Semiconductors -- Ceramics and Polymers -- Metals -- MAGNETIC MATERIALS -- PHOTONIC MATERIALS -- SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS -- BIOMATERIALS -- Biomaterials Categories -- Synthetic Nondegradable Polymers -- Bioabsorbable and Soluble Polymers -- Polymeric Tissue Adhesives -- Metals, Ceramics, and Glass -- Carbons -- Biologically Derived Materials -- Surface Modifications -- Long-Term Opportunities Related to Biomaterials -- FINDINGS -- 4 Research Opportunities and the Elements of Materials Science and Engineering -- PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE -- STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION -- SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING -- Artificially Structured Materials -- Ultrapure Materials -- New Structures -- Solidification -- Vapor Deposition and Surface Processing -- Solid-State Forming Processes -- Joining, Consolidation, and Materials Removal -- Electrolytic Processing -- COMMON THEMES -- Instrumentation -- Analysis and Modeling -- FINDINGS -- 5 Manpower and Education in Materials Science and Engineering.

PERSONNEL IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING -- DEGREE PRODUCTION IN MATERIALS-RELATEDDISCIPLINES -- UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION IN MATERIALSSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING -- Materials-Designated Departments -- Role of Other Departments in Materials Science and Engineering -- Diversity and Integration -- Textbooks and Computers -- The Laboratory -- Cooperative Programs with Industry -- GRADUATE EDUCATION IN MATERIALSSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING -- Mechanisms for Achieving Goals in Graduate Education -- Examples of Institutional Arrangements -- CONTINUING EDUCATION IN MATERIALSSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING -- Options for Providing Continuing Education -- Needs and Goals in Continuing Education -- PRECOLLEGE EDUCATION -- ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES -- FINDINGS -- 6 Resources for Research in Materials Science and Engineering -- FEDERAL FUNDING FOR RESEARCH INMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING -- Department of Energy -- Department of Defense -- National Science Foundation -- INDUSTRIAL FUNDING FOR MATERIALSSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING -- RESEARCH SETTINGS -- Small Group Research -- Collaborative Centers -- FEDERAL LABORATORIES -- Department of Energy Laboratories -- Department of Defense Laboratories -- National Institute of Standards and Technology -- MAJOR NATIONAL FACILITIES -- FINDINGS -- 7 Comparisons of Efforts in Materials Science and Engineering of Selected Nations -- MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ABROAD -- Canada -- West Germany -- France -- The United Kingdom -- Japan -- South Korea -- The Soviet Union -- MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INTHE UNITED STATES -- MECHANISMS FOR COOPERATIVE RESEARCH -- COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF U.S. COMPETITIVE STATUS INMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING -- Industry Factors -- Technology Factors -- Government Factors -- FINDINGS -- APPENDIXES: ISSUES IN MATERIALS RESEARCH -- APPENDIX A Synthesis -- OVERVIEW -- THE MEANING OF SYNTHESIS.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- THE ROLES OF SYNTHESIS IN MATERIALS RESEARCH -- NEEDS FOR MATERIALS SYNTHESIS: SOME EXAMPLES -- Information Industry -- Transportation Industry -- Energy Industry -- Defense and Aerospace Industries -- OPPORTUNITIES IN SYNTHESIS -- Ultrapure Materials -- Shape-Limited Synthesis -- New Synthetic Methods -- APPENDIX B Processing -- OVERVIEW -- MATERIALS PROCESSING AND ECONOMICCOMPETITIVENESS -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- THE PRESENT SITUATION: SOME EXAMPLES -- Semiconductors -- Optical Glass Fibers -- Rapid Solidification Technology -- Steelmaking -- High-Modulus Polymer Fibers -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE FUTURE -- Computers, Modeling, and Simulation -- High-Temperature Superconductors -- Ceramic Processing -- Artificially Structured Materials -- Metals Industry -- Polymer Processing -- APPENDIX C Performance -- OVERVIEW -- THE BROAD SCOPE OF RESEARCH IN THE PERFORMANCEOF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS -- NEEDS AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES -- Technical and Scientific Requirements -- Education -- SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ISSUES -- Atomic Scales -- Micromechanics of Strength and Fracture -- Toughened Ceramics -- Ductile Rupture -- Ductile-Brittle Transition -- Deformational Instabilities and Pattern Formation -- Contact and Wear -- Polymers -- Crack Growth, Degradation, Damage, and Life Prediction -- Fatigue -- Corrosion and Environmentally Assisted Cracking -- Oxidation -- Macromechanics of Crack Growth -- Distributed Damage -- Nondestructive Evaluation -- APPENDIX D Instrumentation -- OVERVIEW -- PRIORITIES FOR INSTRUMENTATION AND INSTRUMENTDEVELOPMENT IN MATERIALS RESEARCH -- EXAMPLES OF INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT INMATERIALS RESEARCH: SURFACE SCIENCE -- Scanning Tunneling Microscope -- Double-Alignment Ion Scattering -- High-Resolution Electron Loss Spectroscopy -- Angle-Resolved Photoemission Using Synchrotron Radiation -- Auger Spectroscopy.

Low-Energy Electron Diffraction -- Electron Microscopy -- Low-Energy Electron Microscope -- Spin-Polarized Measurements -- Field Ion Microscope and Atom Probe -- Beam Scattering -- APPENDIX E Analysis and Modeling -- OVERVIEW -- PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AT MICROSCOPICLENGTH SCALES -- Statistical Mechanics -- Systems Far from Equilibrium -- Quantum Mechanical Calculations -- CONTINUUM MODELS OF THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS -- Microstructures in Alloys -- Fracture Mechanics -- INTEGRATED APPROACHES TO DESIGN ANDMANUFACTURING -- Index.