Harnessing Light -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgment of Reviewers -- Contents -- Executive Summary: Introduction to the Field and the Issues -- THE FIELD OF OPTICS -- THE REPORT -- Optics and National Needs -- Information Technology and Telecommunications -- Health Care and the Life Sciences -- Optical Sensing, Lighting, and Energy -- Optics in Manufacturing -- National Defense -- Manufacturing of Optical Systems and Components -- Education and Research -- Overview -- OPTICS: A PERVASIVE ENABLER -- TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS -- Information Technology and Telecommunications -- Health Care and the Life Sciences -- Optical Sensing, Lighting, and Energy -- Optics in Manufacturing -- National Defense -- Manufacturing of Optical Components and Systems -- Research and Education -- KEY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Information Technology and Telecommunications -- Health Care and the Life Sciences -- Optical Sensing, Lighting, and Energy -- National Defense -- Optics in Manufacturing -- Manufacturing of Optical Components and Systems -- Research and Education -- A VISION OF THE FUTURE -- 1 Optics in Information Technology and Telecommunications -- INFORMATION TRANSPORT -- Long-Distance Transmission -- Undersea Transmission -- Terrestrial Systems -- Fiber to the Home -- Analog Lightwave Transmission -- Cable Television -- Remote Antennas -- Optical Space Communications -- INFORMATION PROCESSING -- Optical Data Links -- Optical Networking and Switching -- Switching -- WDM Networks -- High-Density Optical Switching -- All-Optical Switching -- Optical Image Processing and Computing -- Overall Issues -- OPTICAL STORAGE -- Market Size and Current Trends -- Trends in Storage Technologies -- Education Issues -- International Competitiveness -- Key Unresolved Issues -- Opportunities, Challenges, and Obstacles -- DISPLAYS -- Medium-Sized Displays.

Small Displays -- Projection Displays -- Very Large Displays -- Military and Avionics Displays -- Educational and R&D Issues -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Information Transport -- Processing -- Data Links -- Optical Networking and Switching -- Optical Image Processing and Computing -- General -- Storage -- Displays -- 2 Optics in Health Care and the Life Sciences -- SURGERY AND MEDICINE -- Introduction of Lasers -- Understanding the Interaction of Light with Tissue -- Minimally Invasive Therapy -- Advanced Therapeutic Applications of Lasers -- Laser Refractive Surgery -- Cardiovascular Applications -- Photodynamic Therapy -- Optical Diagnostic Techniques -- Blood Monitoring -- Optical Tumor Detection -- Imaging and Spectroscopy in Scattering Media -- Optical Coherence Tomography -- Laser-Hyperpolarized Gases for Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Feedback Control of Therapeutic Lasers -- Nontechnical Considerations -- TOOLS FOR BIOLOGY -- Visualization Techniques -- Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy -- Two-Photon Microscopy -- Nonimaging Surface Microscopies -- Development of Molecular Probes -- Measurement and Analysis Techniques -- Flow Cytometry -- Bioengineered Fluorescent Indicators -- Micromanipulation Techniques -- BIOTECHNOLOGY -- DNA Analysis -- Pharmaceutical Screening -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Surgery and Medicine -- Tools for Biology -- Biotechnology -- REFERENCES -- 3 Optical Sensing, Lighting, and Energy -- OPTICAL SENSORS AND IMAGING SYSTEMS -- Environmental and Atmospheric Monitoring -- Open-Path Gas Monitoring -- Lidar Remote Sensing -- Optical Environmental Biosensors -- Earth and Global Surface Monitoring -- Atmospheric and Global Climate Change -- Earth's Resources and Weather -- Astronomy and Planetary Probes -- New Astronomical Telescopes -- Planetary and Space Probes -- Industrial Chemical Sensors.

Digital, Video, and Thermal Imaging Cameras -- Law Enforcement and Security -- Surveillance -- Drug and Explosives Detection -- Forensics and Evidence Examination -- Common Everyday Optical Sensors -- LIGHTING -- Lighting History, Future Directions, and Standards -- New Lighting Sources and Distribution Systems -- Conventional Lighting (Incandescent, Fluorescent, and High-Intensity Discharge) and Fixtures -- Sulfur-Dimer (Microwave Discharge) Lamps -- Routing of Light by Fiber-Optic Cables or Hollow Pipes -- Controlled Light-Reflecting Windows -- LED Lighting -- Lasers and Lighting in Live Entertainment -- OPTICAL SENSORS AND LIGHTING IN TRANSPORTATION -- Aircraft Applications -- Automobile Applications -- ENERGY -- Inertial Confinement Fusion Using Lasers -- Laser Isotope Separation of Uranium for Nuclear Energy -- Space Solar Cells -- Terrestrial Solar Cells -- Solar Thermal Energy -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Optical Sensors and Imaging Systems -- Lighting -- Optical Sensors and Lighting in Transportation -- Energy -- REFERENCES -- 4 Optics in National Defense -- SURVEILLANCE -- NIGHT VISION -- LASER SYSTEMS OPERATING IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND IN SPACE -- Laser Range Finders, Designators, Jammers, and Communicators -- Laser Weapons -- FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS -- DISPLAYS -- SPECIAL TECHNIQUES -- Chemical and Biological Species Detection -- Laser Gyros for Navigation -- Optical Signal Processing -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Optics in Industrial Manufacturing -- USE OF LIGHT TO PERFORM MANUFACTURING -- Photolithography -- Exposure Tools -- Photo Masks -- Photoresist -- Future of Photolithography -- Laser Materials Processing -- Welding Applications -- Cutting and Drilling Applications -- Surface Hardening Applications -- Industrial Lasers Market Perspective -- The Precision Laser Machining Consortium.

Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Using Optics -- USE OF OPTICS TO CONTROL MANUFACTURING -- Metrology -- Machine Vision -- Sensors -- SPECIFIC INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS -- Automobile Manufacturing -- The Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Industry -- Display Manufacturing -- The Chemical Industry -- Aircraft Manufacturing -- The Construction Industry -- The Printing Industry -- INCREASING USE OF OPTICS IN INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Manufacturing Optical Components and Systems -- INTRODUCTION -- A Brief History -- An Overview of the Industry Today -- LOW-VOLUME MANUFACTURING OF SPECIALTY OPTICS -- Spherical Lenses -- Aspheres -- Computer-Controlled Deterministic Grinding and Polishing -- Diffractive Elements -- Optical Coatings -- Optical Glasses, Polymers, and Specialty Materials -- Case Study: Photolithography Equipment -- Lens Materials Issues -- Challenges for Next-Generation Photolithography Equipment -- Case Study: Optics for the National Ignition Facility -- Key Technical Challenges -- HIGH-VOLUME MANUFACTURING OF OPTICS -- Optical Fiber, Fiber Devices, and Waveguides -- Silica Optical Fiber -- Nonsilica Optical Fiber -- Fiber Devices -- Planar Waveguide Devices -- Semiconductor-Based Optoelectronic Components -- Components for Long-Distance Transmission Systems -- Data Communications Links -- Through-the-Air Infrared Links -- Semiconductor Lasers -- Visible LEDs -- Imaging Arrays -- Laser and Waveguide Packaging -- Key Technical Challenges -- CROSSCUTTING ISSUES -- Optical Design and the Impact of Increased Computer Power -- Role of Metrology -- Standards -- Size and Composition of the Optics Industry -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Optics Research and Education -- INTRODUCTION -- RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -- Quantum, Atomic, and Biological Optics -- Control of Atoms by Light.

Fundamental Quantum Limits of Measurement -- Light in Biology -- Femtosecond Optics -- High-Intensity Laser-Matter Interactions -- Lasers in Chemistry -- Technology of Femtosecond Lasers -- Technology Applications -- Semiconductor and Advanced Solid-State Lasers -- Laser Sources -- Semiconductor Laser Diodes -- Advanced Solid-State Lasers -- Advanced Materials for the Generation and Control of Light -- Materials for Nonlinear Frequency Conversion -- Semiconductor Quantum-Well Materials -- Photonic Bandgap Materials -- Materials for Shaping and Focusing Optical Radiation -- Materials Research and Development Opportunities -- Extreme Ultraviolet and X-Ray Optics -- X-Ray Microscopy -- EUV and X-Ray Lithography -- X-Ray Optics and Sources -- EDUCATION IN OPTICS -- U.S. Optics Education Programs -- Approaches to Academic Programs in Optics -- Continuing Education -- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Broad Issues -- Research Opportunities -- Quantum, Atomic, and Biological Optics -- Femtosecond Optics -- Semiconductor and Advanced Solid-State Lasers -- Advanced Materials for the Generation and Control of Light -- Extreme Ultraviolet and X-Ray Optics -- Education in Optics -- REFERENCES -- Appendixes -- A Collected Recommendations -- Major Recommendations Sorted by Chapter -- Optics in Information Technology and Telecommunications -- Optics in Health Care and the Life Sciences -- Optical Sensing, Lighting, and Energy -- Optics in National Defense -- Optics in Industrial Manufacturing -- Manufacturing Optical Components and Systems -- Optics Research and Education -- Major Recommendations Sorted by Intended Actor -- Department of Defense (Including DARPA) -- National Science Foundation -- Department of Commerce (Including NIST) -- Department of Energy -- National Institutes of Health -- Environmental Protection Agency -- Federal Agencies in General.

U.S. Congress.