RISK & INNOVATION -- Copyright -- Contents -- RISK & INNOVATION -- INTRODUCTION -- SECTORS ADDRESSED BY THE PAPERS -- THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL RISK ON OPPORTUNITIES -- UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF POLICIES -- IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH -- ACCESS TO CAPITAL -- IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY -- REFERENCES -- ADVANCED DISPLAYS AND VISUAL SYSTEMS -- INDUSTRY BACKGROUND -- Market Size, Structure, and International Position -- Display Technologies -- Market History -- Consumer Electronics -- Computer Market -- Defense Market -- CURRENT MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ISSUES -- A Critical Technology -- Japanese Business Dominance -- Entry of Korea and Taiwan -- The Dumping Case -- Recent Developments -- New Markets and Applications -- Personal Information Devices -- Virtual Reality Systems -- Portable Computing -- Smart Phones -- Medical Devices -- Avionics -- Military -- Video Capture -- Advanced Television -- THE ROLE OF SMALL COMPANIES -- Product Research and Development -- Manufacturing Research and Development -- Upstream Issues -- Downstream Issues -- Human and External Resource Issues -- Investment, Governance, and Strategy -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX: DESCRIPTIONS OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES -- REFERENCES -- IMPLANTABLEAND SURGICAL MEDICAL DEVICES -- THE MEDICAL DEVICE INDUSTRY AND ITS MARKETS -- SOME SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICAL DEVICE INNOVATION -- The Science and Technology Interface -- The Role of Small Versus Large Firms -- University-Industry Interactions -- THE U.S. INNOVATION SYSTEM -- Sources Of Finance -- Venture Capital -- Public Support of Biomedical R&D -- Academic Medical Centers and Physician-Users -- FDA Regulatory Policies -- Health Care Financing Policies -- CONSEQUENCES FOR MEDICAL DEVICE INNOVATION -- R&D Investment -- The Changing Rate of Medical Device R&D -- The Changing Direction of Medical Device R&D.

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS -- REFERENCES -- COMPUTER SOFTWARE -- SIZE AND SCOPE OF SOFTWARE SECTORS -- Programming Services and Systems Integration -- Prepackaged Software -- SOFTWARE DEPENDS CRITICALLY ON INNOVATIONIN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES -- SMALL COMPANIES AND START-UPS EXPLOITTHESE OPPORTUNITIES -- Low Barriers to Entry -- Expanding, Fragmented Markets -- Dynamics of Technological Change -- Key Success Factors for New Companies -- Vision -- Product Development -- Intellectual and External Resources -- Downstream Issues -- Alliances -- FACTORS SHAPING INNOVATION IN SOFTWARE -- The Importance of Universities -- Large Companies as a Source of Technology -- Economic and Technological Risks are Encouraged -- POLICY QUESTIONS -- Spin-on Effects from Defense-Related Research and Development -- National Infrastructure Initiative -- The Importance of Defense System Acquisitions -- Public-Sector Financing Initiatives to Encourage Innovation -- The Question of Illegal Monopolization -- The Problem of Uncertain Intellectual Property Rights -- Enforcing IPR Policies -- REMARKS ON THE FUTURE -- REFERENCES -- ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING LABORATORIESAND INSTRUMENTS -- CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING INDUSTRY -- A Brief History -- Market Size -- Number of Competitors -- Profile of Customers -- Legislative and Regulatory Drivers -- The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) and The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment… -- The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund, CERCLA… -- The Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA) and The Water Quality Act of 1987 (WQA) -- The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 (SDWA) and its 1986 amendments -- The Clean Air Act of 1970/1977 (CAA) and its 1990 amendments -- Market Niches-Small Labs vs. Large Labs -- Costs -- Market and Customer Mix -- Accreditation and Certification.

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION -- A Historical Perspective -- Summary of the Role of Analytical Instrumentation -- Likely Future Trends in Technology -- Automation and Improved Information Management -- Field Testing -- Air Monitoring -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE-BASED METHODS -- Technological Obsolescence -- Poor Quality Data -- Inefficiency -- MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING THE ENVIRONMENTALTESTING INDUSTRY -- Excess Analytical Testing Capacity -- Poor Profitability -- Reducing Costs Through Automation -- Field Testing: Threat or Opportunity? -- OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE -- What Are the Key Factors of Success? -- What Are the Likely Characteristics of the Lab of the Future? -- NETWORK SERVICESAND TERMINAL DEVICES -- DEFINING THE CONTEXT -- CHARACTERIZING THE OPPORTUNITIESFOR NEW COMPANIES -- Interim Technologies -- Driving Demand -- Cyberspace as an Opportunity for Small Companies -- IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR NEW COMPANIES -- Sources of Technology -- Internal and External Resources -- Standards, Patents, and Licensing Strategies -- Financing -- THE IMPACT OF POLICY ONOPPORTUNITIES -- Public Networks and Systems -- Direct Support for R&D -- Development of New Applications -- THE FUTURE -- REFERENCES -- OUTDOOR SPORTING GOODS -- SMALL COMPANIES DOMINATE -- TRENDS SHAPING OUTDOOR SPORTING GOODS -- CHARACTERISTICS OF R&D AND PRODUCT INNOVATIONIN THE INDUSTRY -- PROCESS INNOVATION AND MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT -- THE CHANGING NATURE OF TECHNOLOGICAL START-UPS INTHE INDUSTRY: A TALE OF TWO COMPANIES -- INVENTORS AND INVESTORS IN INDUSTRY -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- NAE SECTOR WORKSHOPS -- NAE WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS.