Hazards: Technology and Fairness -- Copyright -- PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- INTRODUCTION: EMERGING ISSUES IN HAZARD MANAGEMENT -- REFERENCE -- PART 1 UNCERTAINTY -- Science and Its Limits: The Regulator's Dilemma -- SCIENCE AND RARE EVENTS -- "Scientific" Approaches to Rare Events -- Low-Level Exposure -- Natural Carcinogens -- Ambiguous Carcinogens -- How Science Reacts to Intrinsic Uncertainty -- THE ATTACK ON SCIENCE FROM THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE -- FINESSING UNCERTAINTY -- Technological Fix -- The De Minimis Principle -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Causality of a Given Cancer After Known Radiation Exposure -- ACCIDENTAL HARM IN POPULATIONS OF EXPOSED PERSONS -- QUANTAL RESPONSE IN A POPULATION OF HARMED PERSONS -- RADIOTHERAHY OR ACCIDENTAL HIGH-LEVEL RADIATION EXPOSURE -- LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE OF NORMAL POPULATIONS -- RADIOBIOLOGICAL RESPONSE FUNCTIONS -- PROBABILITY OF CAUSATION IN CANCER CASES -- NOTES -- References -- Dealing With Uncertainty About Risk in Risk Management -- RISK VERSUS UNCERTAINTY -- Risk Assessment Policy -- Is Conservatism Protective? -- The Social Costs of Error -- Resource Constraints and Risk Management -- Risk Transfers -- Do Standard Setters Compensate for Conservative Risk Analysis? -- CONSERVATISM IN RISK ASSESSMENT: COMMENTS -- DE MINIMIS RISK -- De Minimis Risk and Conflicting Social Objectives -- Individual Versus Societal Definition of De Minimis Risk -- Multiple Sources of Risk -- Applying the De Minimis Concept -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- Scientists, Engineers, and the Burdens of Occupational Exposure: The Case of the Lead Standard -- BACKGROUND OF THE OSHA LEAD STANDARD -- HEARINGS ON THE OSHA STANDARD: SCIENCE, POLITICS, AND THE CLASH OF INTERESTS -- THE FINAL LEAD STANDARD -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- PART 2 EQUITY AND COMPENSATION -- Hypersusceptibility to Occupational Hazards.

HYPERSUSCEPTIBLE GROUPS -- SCREENING AND MONITORING -- FAIRNESS -- References -- The Bhopalization of American Tort Law -- TORT LAW, OLD AND NEW -- Bipolarity -- Timeliness -- The World in the Oyster -- The Driving Force -- CAN THE LEGAL SYSTEM COPE? -- Regressive Incentives -- Inefficient Compensation -- Kindling the Flames -- The Writing on the Wall -- THE AGENCIES AND THE COURTS -- Institutional Competence -- Deferring to the Experts -- Compensating Victims -- PUBLIC RISKS AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY -- NOTES -- References -- Hazards Equity: A Perspective on the Compensation System -- THE PRINCIPLE OF FORESEEABILITY -- Mental Suffering Cases -- Fire and Wind Cases -- Product Liability Cases -- The CERCLA Statute and Absolute Liability -- THE PRINCIPLE OF JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY WITHOUT CONTRIBUTION -- MODIFYING THE APPLICATION OF COMMON LAW PRINCIPLES -- New Determinants of Duty -- Mandatory Allocation of Damages Among Responsible Parties -- CONCLUSION -- References -- Hazardous Waste Facility Siting: Community, Firm, and Governmental Perspectives -- KEY PROBLEMS IN FACILITY SITING -- The Need for a Systems Approach -- Risk Uncertainty -- Public Perception of Risk -- Equity and the Ethics of Risk Imposition -- Institutional Distrust -- Communicating Risk to the Public -- Problem and Institutional Mismatch -- MAJOR APPROACHES TO SITING: A CRITIQUE -- Approach 1: Locational Opportunism -- Approach 2: Imposition by Central Authority -- Approach 3: Bartered Consent -- Approach 4: Fairness-Centered Process -- TOWARD A NEW APPROACH -- Conceptualizing the Siting Problem -- An Ethical Base for Siting -- Policy Tools -- Authority and the Systems Approach -- Risk Reduction and Safety Assurance -- Risk Sharing -- The Role of Compensation -- Risk Compensation and Public Participation -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References.

Hazard Compensation and Incentive Systems: An Economic Perspective -- PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS -- DESIGNING INCENTIVE SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES -- Broadening the Time Horizon -- Reducing Insurance Premiums -- Penalties and Fines -- COMPENSATION IN SITING TECHNOLOGICAL FACILITIES -- Stages in the Siting Process -- Stage 1: Building the Facility -- Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Authority Act -- Wes-Con, Inc. -- Gray Rocks Power Plant -- LNG Facility in Wilhelmshaven -- Stage 2: Living With the Site -- Antonelli Corporation -- Wes-Con, Inc. -- Stage 3: Accidents -- Federal-Private Insurance -- Self-Insurance Funds -- Integrating Stakeholders and Stages -- Perception of Risk -- Eliciting Preferences for Communities -- CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- References -- PART 3 MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS -- Economic, Legal, and Practical Problems in Hazardous Waste Cleanup and Management -- HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN? -- Harris Corporation -- Sapp Battery Salvage -- ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS -- Cost-Effectiveness -- Jacksonville -- Whitehouse Oil Pits -- Financial Responsibility -- Tower Chemical -- Liability Insurance -- LEGAL PROBLEMS -- Cleanup Delays -- Sovereign Immunity -- PRACTICAL PROBLEMS -- HAZARDOUS AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE ENFORCEMENT -- PROSPECTS FOR LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT -- Duval County -- Pinellas County -- National Small-Quantity Generator Survey -- Amnesty Days -- The Case for Transfer Stations -- Multipurpose Facility -- Another Alternative: Incineration -- CONCLUSION -- Focusing Private-Sector Action on Public Hazards -- HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP: THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM -- CLEAN SITES INC.: GOALS AND ORGANIZATION -- WHAT CAN CLEAN SITES INC. DO? -- DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE -- References -- Three Mile Island and Bhopal: Lessons Learned and Not Learned -- LESSONS FOR INDUSTRY -- LESSONS FOR REGULATORS -- THE PUBLIC.

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS -- SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS -- References -- Managing Technological Hazards: Success, Strain, and Surprise -- INSTITUTIONS OF HAZARD MANAGEMENT -- THE PERSISTENCE OF SURPRISE -- LIMITS TO HAZARD MANAGEMENT -- TECHNOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL FIXES -- SHIFTING ATTITUDES, INSTITUTIONS, AND ACTIVITIES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTES -- References -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS.