Pragmatic Variation in First and Second Language Contexts -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- Notes on contributors -- Introduction -- 1. Pragmatic variation: Aims and scope of the volume -- 2. Variation in linguistics research -- 3. Overview of the chapters in the volume -- References -- Chapter 1. Pragmatic variation by gender in market service encounters in Mexico -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical framework -- 2.1 Levels of pragmatic analysis and variation in commercial settings -- 2.2 Previous research on service encounters in commercial settings -- 3. Method -- 3.1 The market -- 3.2 Procedures for data collection and analysis -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Actional level: Making a request for service -- 4.2 Interactional level -- 4.3 Stylistic level -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1 Variation at the actional level -- 5.2 Variation at the interactional level -- 5.3 Variation at the stylistic level -- 5.4 Methodological issues -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Chapter 2 Cross-cultural stances in online discussions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Literature Review -- 2.1 Defining stance -- 2.2 Approaches to stance -- 3. Method -- 3.1 Procedures for data collection -- 3.2 Procedures for data analysis -- 3.3 Participants -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Cultural analysis -- 4.2 Grammatical analysis -- 4.3 Interactional analysis -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1 Cultural analysis -- 5.2 Grammatical analysis -- 5.3 Interactional analysis -- 5.4 Methodological issues -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix: Fall 2009 MIT/Brest Forum -- Chapter 3 Pragmatic variation in therapeutic discourse -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Review of literature and theoretical considerations -- 2.1 Some theoretical considerations about the therapeutic session -- 2.2 Conflict talk and its relevance to this study -- 2.3 Mitigation.

2.4 Pragmatic variation (PV) -- 3. Data and methods -- 3.1 The participants -- 3.2 Data -- 3.3 Data analysis -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Qualitative analysis -- 4.1.1 Hedges/Bushes -- 4.1.2 Parenthetical verbs -- 4.1.3 Shields -- 4.1.4 Epistemic disclaimers -- 4.1.5 Tag questions -- 4.1.6 Diminutives -- 4.1.7 Proverbs and proverbial sayings: Other mitigating strategies -- 4.1.8 Other indirect devices: Guardar las apariencias ('to keep up appearances') (Placencia 1996) -- 4.2 Results: Quantitative analysis -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1 Methodological issues -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. Disagreement and sociolinguistic variables -- 1. Introduction -- 2. English in China -- 3. Theoretical framework -- 3.1 Disagreement -- 3.2 Sociolinguistic variables and disagreement -- 3.3 Sociolinguistic variables and ELFP -- 3.4 The context -- 4. Method -- 5. Results -- 6. Discussion -- 7. Methodological issues -- 8. Pedagogical implications -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Chapter 5 Variation in the pragmatic use of conventional expressions -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 What are conventional expressions? -- 2. Framework -- 3. Methodology -- 3.1 Instrument -- 3.2 Participants -- 3.3 Analysis -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Variation at the speech act and strategy levels: same context, different speech acts, or pragmatic strategies -- 4.2 Variation at the actional level: Same speech act, different words -- 4.2.1 Variation across expressions -- 4.2.1.1 A case of high NS variation. Four scenarios resulted in 30% or greater difference between NS teachers and peers: Office, Get a ride, Puddle, and Movie. The greatest difference between NS teachers and undergraduates appears in Movie in which teenag -- 4.2.2 Variation within expressions.

4.2.2.1 Lexical core. An extreme case of variation within an expression is the recurrence of a single word in the absence of a conventional expression. Although no single expression reaches the 50% mark in I6, the word mess is strongly associated with the -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1 Methodological issues -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix: Oral production task -- Part A instructions: Initiating utterances -- Part B instructions: Responding utterances -- Chapter 6. Variation in NS-learner interactions -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Frames and cognition -- 1.2 Frames and interaction -- 1.3 Frames and expectations -- 1.4 Changes in frames -- 1.5 Goals of the study and organization -- 2. Theoretical background -- 2.1 Communication, common ground, and frames of talk -- 2.2 The frame of institutional talk -- 2.3 The frame of personal talk -- 2.4 Expectations -- 2.5 Research questions -- 3. Method -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Interview dialogues: NS is initiator -- 4.2 Interview dialogues: Learner is initiator -- 4.3 Informal conversations -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1 Overall results -- 5.2 Methodological issues -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Appendix 1: Notations used in the transcriptions (based in part on Atkinson & Heritage 1984) -- Chapter 7. Pragmatic variation in learner perception -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical framework -- 2.1 Retrospective verbal reports in ILP research -- 2.2 The speech act of requests -- 3. Method -- 3.1 Participants -- 3.2 Instrument and procedures for data collection -- 3.3 Data analysis -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Noticed or attended features of the situation (cognition) -- 4.1.1 Grammar and vocabulary -- 4.1.2 Sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic knowledge -- 4.2 Development of pragmatic knowledge -- 4.3 Linguistic difficulties -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Implications for RVR methodology in ILP research -- 7. Conclusion -- References.

Appendix A -- Role Plays -- Extension -- Notes -- Appendix B -- Chapter 8. Variationist sociolinguistics, L2 sociopragmatic competence -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 2.1 Variationist sociolinguistics -- 2.2 Where indeed does the sociolinguistic variable stop? -- 2.3 Classroom-based synchronous computer-mediated discourse -- 2.4 French tu and vous -- 2.5 Summary of van Compernolle et al. (2011) -- 3. Data and method for the present study -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Distributional analysis -- 4.2 VARBRUL analysis of interrogatives -- 4.3 Partition analysis of interrogatives -- 4.4 Beyond statistics: Interactional patterns of (socio)pragmatic variation -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1 Methodological issues -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9. Research methods for describing variation in intercultural pragmatics -- 1. Taking a multi-method approach to research on L2 pragmatics -- 2. Defining pragmatics -- 2.1 Cross-cultural pragmatics -- 2.2 Intercultural pragmatics -- 3. Options for investigating intercultural pragmatics -- 3.1 Basic research design issues -- 3.1.1 Sampling -- 3.1.2 Range of pragmatics features sampled -- 3.1.3 Number of measures -- 3.2 Naturalistic data -- 3.2.1 Corpus data -- 3.2.2 Specially collected data -- 3.3 Elicited data -- 3.3.1 Role-play tasks -- 3.3.2 Discourse completion tasks -- 3.3.3 Judgment tasks -- 4. Data analysis -- 4.1 Issues of general concern -- 4.2 Data analysis in the language ability areas -- 5. Discussion and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 Between pragmatics and sociolinguistics -- 1. Pragmatic variation: Between scylla and charybdis? -- 1.1 The variationist sociolinguistic view -- 1.2 The variational pragmatics view -- 2. Sailing toward calmer waters -- 2.1 Operationalizing pragmatic notions for pragmatic variation research -- 2.2 Operationalizing macro-social factors for pragmatic variation research.

3. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. Conclusions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodological issues highlighted in the studies -- 2.1 Methodological issues of data collection -- 2.1.1 Quantitative studies -- 2.1.2 Qualitative studies -- 2.1.3 Quantitative/qualitative studies -- 2.1.4 Methodological issues of data representation -- 2.2 Methodological issues of data analysis -- 2.2.1 Quantitative studies -- 2.2.2 Qualitative studies -- 2.2.3 Quantitative/qualitative studies -- 3. Future studies and conclusions -- References -- Index.