Introduction -- I. Purpose and Classification of Surveying Instruments -- II. History of Surveying Instruments -- III. Manufacturers of Surveying Instruments -- IV. Standardization -- V. Further Developments -- VI. Operation and Care of Surveying Instruments -- 1. Optical Equipment and Level Bubbles -- 1.1. Optical Equipment -- 1.1.1. Fundamentals of Optics -- 1.1.2. Optical Instruments -- 1.2. Spirit Levels -- 1.2.1. Tubular Levels -- 1.2.2. Bull's Eye Levels -- 1.2.3. Electronic Levels -- 1.2.4. Tilt Compensator -- 2. Instruments for the Determination of Horizontal Projections of Points -- 2.1. Instruments for Staking Right and Straight Angles -- 2.1.1. Diopter Instruments -- 2.1.2. Mirror Instruments -- 2.1.3. Prism Instruments -- 2.2. Simple Instruments to Measure and Stake Horizontal Angles -- 2.2.1. Goniasmometer -- 2.2.2. Stock Compass -- 2.3. The Theodolite -- 2.3.1. Tripod and Support of the Theodolite -- 2.3.2. Structure of the Theodolite -- 2.3.3. Overview of Different Theodolite Types -- 2.3.4. Testing and Adjusting of Theodolites -- 2.4. Gyro Instruments -- 2.4.1. Fundamentals of Gyro Instruments -- 2.4.2. Structure of the Surveying Gyro -- 2.4.3. Overview of Surveying Gyros -- 2.4.4. Measurements with Surveying Gyros -- 2.5. Optical Precision Plummets -- 2.6. Alignment Instruments -- 3. Instruments to Measure Elevations and Elevation Differences -- 3.1. Simple Instruments for Geometric Levelling -- 3.1.1. Hydrostatic Levels -- 3.1.2. Pendulum Instruments -- 3.1.3. Handheld Levels -- 3.1.4. Horizontal Straight Edge -- 3.2. Levels -- 3.2.1. Tripod and Fastening Devices for Levels -- 3.2.2. Structure of the Level -- 3.2.3. Overview of Different Types of Levels -- 3.2.4. Testing and Adjusting of Levels -- 3.2.5. Level with Inclined Line of Sight -- 3.2.6. Levelling Rods -- 3.3. Instruments to Measure Vertical Angles.

3.3.1. Simple Instruments to Measure Vertical Angles -- 3.3.2. The Use of the Theodolite for Vertical Angle Measurements -- 3.3.3. Sextant -- 3.4. Instruments for Barometric Levelling -- 3.4.1. Mercury Barometer (Hg-Barometer) -- 3.4.2. Aneroid Barometers -- 3.4.3. Hypsometers -- 3.5. Fully Automatic Elevation Measuring Devices -- 4. Instruments for Distance Measurement -- 4.1. Instruments for Direct (Mechanical) Distance Measurements -- 4.1.1. Simple Means for Distance Measurements -- 4.1.2. Auxiliary Devices for Distance Measuring Instruments -- 4.1.3. Measuring Rods -- 4.1.4. Measuring Tape -- 4.1.5. Baseline Measuring Apparatus with Invar Wires or -Tapes -- 4.2. Instruments and Devices for Optical Distance Measurements -- 4.2.1. Distance Meters with Base at the Target -- 4.2.2. Distance Meters with Base at the Station -- 4.3. Instruments for Electronic Distance Measurements -- 4.3.1. Principle of Electronic Distance Measurements -- 4.3.2. Instruments for Distance Measurements with the Impulse Method -- 4.3.3. Instruments for Distance Measurements with Phase Comparison -- 4.3.4. Interference Comparator -- 5. Tacheometric Instruments -- 5.1. Non Reducing Tacheometers -- 5.1.1. Stadia Theodolites -- 5.1.2. Stadia Compasses -- 5.1.3. Stadia Levels -- 5.1.4. Tacheometers with Base at the Station -- 5.2. Self Reducing Tacheometers -- 5.2.1. Slide Tacheometers -- 5.2.2. Tacheometers Based on the Tangent Principle -- 5.2.3. Diagram Tacheometers -- 5.2.4. Tacheometers with Mechanically Monitored Variable Line Separation -- 5.2.5. Reduction Tacheometers with Double Image Distance Meter -- 5.2.6. Self Reducing Tacheometers with Base at the Station -- 5.2.7. Auxiliary Instruments for Automatic Reduction -- 5.3. Electronic Tacheometers -- 5.4. Plane Table and Alidade -- 5.4.1. Plane Table Equipment -- 5.4.2. Overview of Plane Table Equipment.

5.4.3. Testing and Adjusting of Plane Table Equipment -- 5.4.4. Topographic Rods -- References -- Index.