Front Cover -- Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Part 1 -- 1 Introduction to CPTED -- Background -- Asking the Right Questions -- The Need for CPTED -- Competing Crime Prevention Strategies -- CPTED and Contemporary Planning Models -- CPTED in the United States -- CPTED Worldwide -- Results of CPTED -- Scope and Content of this Book -- 2 Twenty Most Frequently Asked Questions -- 3 CPTED Concepts and Strategies -- Background -- CPTED Concepts -- CPTED Strategies -- Maintenance -- The Three-D Approach -- Designation -- Definition -- Design -- Examples of Strategies in Action -- Use of Information -- Some Benefits of CPTED Planning Activities -- An Ounce of Prevention: A New Role for Law Enforcement Support of Community Development -- CPTED Definitions -- CPTED Problems -- "Clean and Well-Lighted Places": A Natural Approach to Retail Security -- CPTED in Low-Income, Public, and Three-Generation Housing -- Natural Surveillance -- Natural Access Control -- Territorial Reinforcement -- Results of CPTED Projects in Neighborhoods -- General Liability -- Housing Recipients -- Neighborhood Planning -- Law Enforcement -- Density -- Three-Generation Housing -- CPTED Planning and Design Review -- Planning -- Review Process -- Liability -- Achieving the Right Perspective -- 4 Behavioral Precedents of CPTED: From Caves to Fast Food -- Caves -- Greek Temples -- Medieval Cities -- Baroque Mannerism -- Louis XIV -- Napoleon III -- Contemporary Situations -- 5 Using the Environment to Affect Behavior -- Human/Environment Relationships -- Use of Light and Color -- Feng Shui -- 6 Aesthetics, Environmental Cues, and Territorial Behavior: Implications for CPTED Planning -- Form Versus Function: The Battle with Aesthetics -- Environmental Cues -- Territorial Behavior.

Visual Bubbles, Landscape, and Art -- 7 Crime and Loss Prevention -- Introduction -- Crime -- US Burglaries Overview -- Levels of Crime -- Explanations of Crime -- Implications for Public Action -- Contemporary Crime Prevention and Interagency Concepts -- Criminal Justice: A Misperceived Concept -- Productivity Tools for the Crime- and Loss-Prevention Specialist -- Crime Versus Loss Prevention -- Two Types of Risk -- Risk Management -- Conclusions -- 8 Examples of CPTED Strategies and Applications -- CPTED Strategies -- CPTED Applications -- Objectives for Commercial Environments -- Downtown Streets and Pedestrian Areas -- Downtown Streets -- Barriers to Conflict -- Outdoor Sitting Areas -- Plazas -- Pedestrian Malls -- Parking Lots and Structures -- Parking Lots -- Parking Lot Access -- Parking Structures -- Office and Industrial Systems -- Office Access -- Office Building Site Plan and Parking -- Shipping and Receiving and Vehicle Access -- Plant Design -- Hallways and Restrooms -- Hallways -- Restroom Location and Entrance Design -- Informal Gathering Areas -- Malls and Shopping Centers -- Shopping Mall Parking -- Mall Design -- Convenience Stores and Branch Banks -- Convenience Stores: Traditional Design -- Convenience Stores: Locations Near Dense Commercial or Housing Sites -- Convenience Stores: Hexagon Shaped -- Convenience Stores: Fan Shaped -- Convenience Stores: Kiosk Shaped -- Branch Banks -- Objectives for Residential Environments -- Residential Streets -- Residential Development: Curvilinear Streets -- Residential Streets: Options for Private Use -- Residential Streets: Recovery of Grid Systems -- 9 CPTED Implementation Program Planning -- Implementation -- CPTED Task Force -- Program Management -- Meetings -- Planning for Change -- Mission Statements, Goals, Objectives, and the Process -- Time and Task Planning -- Agreements.

Evaluation and Monitoring -- Summary of Evaluation Steps -- Types of Evaluation -- Evaluation Design -- Evaluation Objectives -- 10 CPTED Training Outline -- Goals -- Learning Objectives -- 11 Objectives for a School Environment -- Introduction -- School Campus Control -- High-School Parking Lots -- Student Parking and Driver Education Relationships -- Courtyards and Corridors -- School Lunchtime Hallway Use -- Safe Activities in Unsafe Locations -- Convention Center and Stadium -- Convention Center -- Stadium Entrance and Ticket Control -- Part 2 -- 12 Tackling Crime and Fear of Crime Through Urban Planning and Architectural Design -- Urbanization and Crime -- Fast Growth -- Integration -- Criminal Opportunities -- Safety and Security as Serious Problems -- From Old School to More Sophisticated Approaches -- Integrated Approach -- Quality Management -- Early Intervention and Planning -- CPTED/DOC in Europe: Policies and Concepts -- Examples -- A Common Framework of Concepts -- Theory: From Offender to Situation From Reaction to Prevention -- Nature and Nurture -- CPTED, DOC, and DAC -- C. Ray Jeffery and Other Basics (Health, Fire, and Traffic) -- Jane Jacobs -- Oscar Newman -- Territorial Definition -- Visibility/Surveillance -- Stigmatization -- Adjacent Areas -- The Chicago School -- The Geographical or Spatial School -- Lessons -- Research and Implementation Problems -- Research -- Implementation -- The Fear of Crime -- Three Factors Characterizing "Frightening" Places -- Fear-Generating Functions -- Vandalism and Bad Maintenance -- Problematic Urban Design -- Lack of Surveillance -- Isolation: Lack of Visibility by Others -- Lack of Orientation and Alternative Routes -- Tackling Crime and the Fear of Crime by Urban Planning and Architectural Design: Examples and Instruments -- Crime, the Fear of Crime, and Incivilities in High-Rise Estates.

A Multibillion Nightmare -- Police Initiatives: Secured by Design and Dutch Police Label Safe Housing -- Secured by Design (UK) -- The Dutch Police Label Secured Housing -- The Extensive Manual for the Dutch Police Label -- The Police Label for "New Estates" -- A Police Label for Existing Environments -- A New Period and a Critical Note -- Evaluation of SBD and the Dutch Police Label -- European Standard on Designing Out Crime -- Why Standardization? -- A European Standard for the Reduction of Crime and the Fear of Crime by Urban Planning and Building Design: TC325 -- Standard on Urban Planning and Crime Reduction -- Introductory Questions: Where, What, and Who? -- Process -- Conclusion -- About the Author -- References -- Important Websites -- 13 Checklist for a Program of Successful Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design -- Signs of a Successful CPTED Program -- Broader Planning Strategies -- 14 CPTED in the Twenty-First Century -- Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design -- The Transition to the Future of CPTED -- CPTED Definitions -- CPTED in the New Millennium -- Information and Communications Technology -- Housing -- Transportation -- Institutional -- Commercial/Retail/Industrial -- Disposable businesses -- Social Recognition/Control -- Materials/Construction -- Downtown Streets and Pedestrian Areas -- Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design -- Territoriality -- Defensible Space -- The Crime-Prevention Model -- The Environmental Influence on Criminal Behavior -- Natural Surveillance -- Natural Access Control -- Territorial Reinforcement -- Conclusion -- References -- Appendix A: Broward County School CPTED Matrix -- Appendix B: School CPTED Survey -- School Security Survey/Assessment -- Conclusion -- Appendix C: CPTED Design Directives for Dormitory and Student Lounges.

Appendix D: Convenience Stores and Gas Stops CPTED Assessment Form -- Twenty-Six Risk Assessment Points -- Appendix E: Malls and Shopping Centers CPTED Assessment Form -- Appendix F: Apartments, Condos, and Public Housing CPTED Assessment Form -- Index.