Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Table of contents -- 1. Introduction and rationale -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Young people, HIV/AIDS and the global goals -- 1.3 Priorities for action -- 1.4 Objectives and limitations -- 1.4.1 Objectives -- 1.4.2 Limitations -- 1.5 Process and methodology -- 1.6 Scope and limitations of the data -- 1.7 Challenges in interpreting the findings and follow up -- References -- 2. Young people: the centre of the HIV epidemic -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Data and methods -- 2.3 Types of epidemics -- 2.3.1 Concentrated epidemics -- 2.3.2 Generalized epidemics -- 2.4 Progress towards UNGASS commitments -- 2.4.1 Information -- 2.4.2 Education -- 2.4.3 Services -- 2.4.4 Life skills -- 2.4.5 Vulnerability -- 2.5 Limitations of the data -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3. Overview of effective and promising interventions to prevent HIV infection -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Interventions to change behaviour -- 3.2.1 Voluntary counselling and testing -- 3.2.2 Treatment for drug addiction -- 3.3 Biomedical interventions: evaluating technologies -- 3.3.1 Reducing iatrogenic transmission -- 3.3.2 Managing STIs -- 3.3.3 Antiretrovirals to prevent HIV infection -- 3.3.4 Male circumcision -- 3.3.5 Vaccines -- 3.3.6 Microbicides -- 3.3.7 Cervical barrier methods -- 3.3.8 Summary -- 3.4 Social interventions -- 3.4.1 100% condom use -- 3.4.2 Access to syringes -- 3.4.3 Economic empowerment interventions for women -- 3.5 Behavioural and social issues in developing and implementing interventions -- 3.5.1 Recruitment to and retention in studies -- 3.5.2 Adherence to prevention protocol -- 3.5.3 Behavioural disinhibition (risk compensation) -- 3.5.4 Partial efficacy and partial effectiveness -- 3.5.5 Engaging communities in research -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References.

4. The weight of evidence: a method for assessing the strength of evidence on the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions among young people -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of interventions and evidence on effectiveness -- 4.3 Thresholds for strength of evidence needed for widespread implementation -- 4.4 What information do policy-makers need? -- 4.5 Assessing the quality of an intervention -- 4.6 Types of evidence and their relative weight -- 4.6.1 Assessing the methodological quality of evidence -- 4.6.2 Criteria for attaching weight to different kinds of evidence -- 4.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5. The effectiveness of sex education and HIV education interventions in schools in developing countries -- 5.1 Introduction and background -- 5.1.1 Objectives -- 5.1.2 Schools and their interventions -- 5.1.3 Categories of interventions -- 5.2 Methods -- 5.2.1 Identification of studies -- 5.2.2 Threshold of evidence needed for widespread implementation -- 5.2.3 Review of studies -- 5.3 Findings -- 5.3.1 Characteristics of interventions -- 5.3.2 Characteristics of the studies -- 5.3.3 Impact on prevalence and sexual behaviours -- 5.3.4 Summary of behavioural effects -- 5.3.5 Impact on psychosocial factors affecting behaviour -- 5.3.6 Strength of evidence for curriculum-based adult-led interventions with the characteristics in Box 5.1 -- 5.3.7 Health services -- 5.3.8 Vulnerability -- 5.4 Discussion and recommendations -- 5.4.1 Knowledge -- 5.4.2 Behaviour -- 5.4.3 HIV prevalence -- 5.4.4 Cost effectiveness -- 5.4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6. Review of the evidence for interventions to increase young people's use of health services in developing countries -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods -- 6.2.1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria -- 6.2.2 Identification of studies and reports -- 6.2.3 Typology of studies.

6.2.4 Threshold of evidence required -- 6.3 Findings -- 6.3.1 Characteristics of studies -- 6.3.2 Results by study -- 6.3.3 Results by intervention -- 6.4 Discussion -- 6.4.1 General -- 6.4.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria -- 6.4.3 The typology -- 6.4.4 Interventions, outcomes and evaluations -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7. The effectiveness of mass media in changing HIV/AIDS-related behaviour among young people in developing countries -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methods -- 7.2.1 Outcomes of interest -- 7.3 Findings -- 7.3.1 Additional outcomes -- 7.3.2 Summary of studies of effectiveness -- 7.3.3 Relative effectiveness of different types of interventions -- 7.3.4 Dose-response relationship -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.4.1 Features of the most effective interventions -- 7.4.2 Factors that facilitate or obstruct effective interventions -- 7.4.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8. The effectiveness of community interventions targeting HIV and AIDS prevention at young people in developing countries -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods -- 8.3 Findings -- 8.3.1 Intervention types and threshold of evidence -- 8.3.2 Description of interventions -- 8.3.3 Quality of the evidence -- 8.3.4 Outcome measures -- 8.4 Go, ready, steady, do not go -- 8.4.1 Go -- 8.4.2 Ready -- 8.4.3 Steady -- 8.4.4 Do not go -- 8.4.5 Requirements for success -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9. Achieving the global goals on HIV among young people most at risk in developing countries: young sex workers, injecting drug users and men who have sex with men -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods -- 9.2.1 A focus for this paper -- 9.2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria -- 9.2.3 Developing a typology -- 9.2.4 Threshold of evidence required to recommend widespread implementation -- 9.3 Findings.

9.3.1 Studies quantifying the number of at-risk young people and assessing their needs -- 9.3.2 Studies focusing on young people most at risk in developing countries -- 9.3.3 Studies focusing on at-risk young people in developed countries -- 9.3.4 Studies of interventions for at-risk populations in developing countries that did not disaggregate data by age -- 9.4 Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10. Conclusions and recommendations -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The road to "Steady, Ready, Go" -- 10.3 Results -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.5 Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Glossary -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.