Background -- Evidence-Based Medicine: Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendation -- Decision Analytic Techniques -- Nonclinical Components of Surgical Decision Making -- How Patients Make Decisions with Their Surgeons: The Role of Counseling and Patient Decision Aids -- Lung -- Radiographic Staging of Lung Cancer: Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography -- Routine Mediastinoscopy for Clinical Stage I Lung Cancer -- Management of Unexpected N2 Disease Discovered at Thoracotomy -- Induction Therapy for Clinical Stage I Lung Cancer -- Induction Therapy for Stage IIIA (N2) Lung Cancer -- Adjuvant Postoperative Therapy for Completely Resected Stage I Lung Cancer -- Sleeve Lobectomy Versus Pneumonectomy for Lung Cancer Patients with Good Pulmonary Function -- Lesser Resection Versus Lobectomy for Stage I Lung Cancer in Patients with Good Pulmonary Function -- Lesser Resection Versus Radiotherapy for Patients with Compromised Lung Function and Stage I Lung Cancer -- Resection for Patients Initially Diagnosed with N3 Lung Cancer after Response to Induction Therapy -- Video-Assisted Thorascopic Surgery Major Lung Resections -- Surgery for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Solitary M1 Disease -- Thoracoscopy Versus the Open Approach for Resection of Solitary Pulmonary Metastases -- Unilateral or Bilateral Approach for Unilateral Pulmonary Metastatic Disease -- Surgery for Bronchoalveolar Lung Cancer -- Lung Volume Reduction Surgery in the Candidate for Lung Transplantation -- Pleural Sclerosis for the Management of Initial Pneumothorax -- Esophagus -- Staging for Esophageal Cancer: Positron Emission Tomography, Endoscopic Ultrasonography -- Induction Therapy for Resectable Esophageal Cancer -- Transthoracic Versus Transhiatal Resection for Carcinoma of the Esophagus -- Minimally Invasive Versus Open Esophagectomy for Cancer -- Lymph Node Dissection for Carcinoma of the Esophagus -- Intrathoracic Versus Cervical Anastomosis in Esophageal Replacement -- Jejunostomy after Esophagectomy -- Gastric Emptying Procedures after Esophagectomy -- Posterior Mediastinal or Retrosternal Reconstruction Following Esophagectomy for Cancer -- Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Completely Resected Esophageal Cancer -- Celiac Lymph Nodes and Esophageal Cancer -- Partial or Total Fundoplication for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in the Presence of Impaired Esophageal Motility -- Botox, Balloon, or Myotomy: Optimal Treatment for Achalasia -- Fundoplication after Laparoscopic Myotomy for Achalasia -- Primary Repair for Delayed Recognition of Esophageal Perforation -- Lengthening Gastroplasty for Managing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Stricture -- Lengthening Gastroplasty for Managing Giant Paraesophageal Hernia -- Management of Zenker’s Diverticulum: Open Versus Transoral Approaches -- Management of Minimally Symptomatic Pulsion Diverticula of the Esophagus -- Diaphragm -- Giant Paraesophageal Hernia: Thoracic, Open Abdominal, or Laparoscopic Approach -- Management of Minimally Symptomatic Giant Paraesophageal Hernias -- Plication for Diaphragmatic Eventration -- Pacing for Unilateral Diaphragm Paralysis -- Optimal Crural Closure Techniques for Repair of Large Hiatal Hernias -- Management of Acute Diaphragmatic Rupture: Thoracotomy Versus Laparotomy -- Airway -- Stenting for Benign Airway Obstruction -- Tracheal Resection for Thyroid or Esophageal Cancer -- Pleura and Pleural Space -- Pleural Sclerosis for Malignant Pleural Effusion: Optimal Sclerosing Agent -- Management of Malignant Pleural Effusion: Sclerosis or Chronic Tube Drainage -- Initial Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Role of Thoracoscopic Therapy -- Intrapleural Fibrinolytics -- Diffuse Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: The Role of Pleurectomy -- Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Is There a Benefit to Pleuropneumonectomy? -- Mediastinum -- Management of Myasthenia Gravis: Does Thymectomy Provide Benefit over Medical Therapy Alone? -- Thymectomy for Myasthenia Gravis: Optimal Approach -- Management of Residual Disease after Therapy for Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor and Normal Serum Markers -- Management of Malignant Pericardial Effusions -- Asymptomatic Pericardial Cyst: Observe or Resect? -- Chest Wall -- Optimal Approach to Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Transaxillary, Supraclavicular, or Infraclavicular -- Pectus Excavatum in Adults.