Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Coming Together: A Perspective on Relationships across the Life Span -- the meaning of personal relationships -- aspects of the social arena -- the social arena in a life-span context -- existing knowledge about personal relationships across the life span: constraints and limitations -- different histories of the study of child and adult development -- disparate fields of study -- methodological and phenomenological challenges -- structure, processes, and outcomes of personal relationships across the life span: an integration of research on personal relationships -- structures and outcomes of personal relationships -- processes and outcomes in personal relationships -- personal relationships, the social arena, and human development -- References -- 2 Relationships as Outcomes and Contexts -- the convoy model of social relations -- cultural influences on social relations -- relationships as outcomes across the life span -- Personal Characteristics -- Situational Characteristics -- relationships as context and predictors of outcomes -- support/efficacy model -- Linking the Support/Efficacy and Convoy Models -- future research -- conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Child-Parent Relationships -- child-parent relationships across the life span -- Birth and Infancy -- Preschool and Elementary School Age -- Adolescence -- Early Adulthood -- Middle Adulthood -- aspects of an integrative model -- Individuality and Relatedness -- Relationships between Active Individuals -- Relationship Biography -- Child-Parent Relationships in Context -- future directions -- References -- 4 A Dynamic Ecological Systems Perspective on Emotion Regulation Development within the Sibling Relationship Context.

relationships as developmental contexts for emotion regulation in infancy -- Beyond the Parent-Infant Dyad -- A Model of Interpersonal Regulation and Self-Regulation of Emotions -- Sibling Relationships in Childhood and Processes of Interpersonal Regulation -- The Role of Individual Characteristics and the Sibling Relationship Context -- Sibling Relationships in Adulthood and Processes of Interpersonal Regulation -- Regulation of the Sibling Social Environment and Its Influence on Development -- the dynamics of change -- conclusion -- References -- 5 Romantic and Marital Relationships -- how do various aspects of love relate to each other? an integrative hierarchical model -- Continuities and Discontinuities in Attachment -- Development of Relationship Experiences across the Life Span -- Age-Graded Love Styles -- Differences in the Development of Love Depending on Gender -- Differences in the Development of Love Depending on Sexual Orientation -- Love Styles at Young Adulthood and Midlife - Cross-sectional Data -- Starting Line and Final Stage of Love across the Life Span -- A Longitudinal Study on Love Styles over Four Years -- concluding comments -- References -- 6 Close Relationships across the Life Span: Toward a Theory of Relationship Types -- the nature of close relationships -- Articulations of Psychological Functions among Multiple Significant Others -- Internal Framework of Close Relationships -- Individual Patterns of Close Relationships -- conceptualization of close relationships -- Affective Relationships Model -- Measuring Affective Relationships -- typology of close relationships -- Frequencies of Affective Relationships Types across the Life Span -- Differences in Behaviors among Affective Relationships Types -- Culture and Close Relationships -- Affective Relationships Types in Various Cultural Contexts.

toward a theory of close relationships -- Typology of Close Relationships -- Universality and Cultural Specificity of the Theory and Assessment Instruments -- future directions -- Author's Note -- References -- 7 Friendship across the Life Span: Reciprocity in Individual and Relationship Development -- historical overview -- Individual Development and the Influence of Relationships -- Relationship Development and the Influence of Partners -- Friendship as the Ideal Relationship for Studying Reciprocal Developmental Influences -- a life-span developmental perspective on friendship -- Psychosocial Development -- Friendship Phases -- friendship across the life span -- Friendship before Adulthood -- Adult Friendship -- recommendations for future research -- Expanded Approaches to the Study of Reciprocal Individual and Relationship Development -- References -- 8 The Consequential Stranger: Peripheral Relationships across the Life Span -- defining the peripheral social network -- Parameters of the Peripheral Network -- Members of the Peripheral Network -- Social Structures and the Peripheral Network -- functions of the peripheral network -- Reciprocal Influences between Close and Peripheral Social Ties -- Discrete Functions of Peripheral Ties -- Similarities in Functions of Peripheral and Intimate Ties -- age differences in peripheral ties across the life span -- Infancy -- Childhood -- Adolescence -- Young Adulthood -- Midlife -- Late Life -- future research and conclusion -- References -- 9 Stress in Social Relationships: Coping and Adaptation across the Life Span -- interpersonal conflicts and disappointments -- Kinds of Interpersonal Conflicts and Disappointments -- Coping Responses -- Coping Goals -- Coping Effectiveness -- losses and disruptions of social relationships -- Kinds of Relationship Losses and Disruptions -- Coping Responses.

Coping Goals -- Coping Effectiveness -- life-span variations -- Kinds of Interpersonal Stressors across the Life Span -- Coping Responses, Goals, and Effectiveness across the Life Span -- future directions -- Substantive Issues -- Methodological Issues -- conclusion -- References -- 10 Social Support and Physical Health across the Life Span: Socioemotional Influences -- socioemotional health model -- No Man Is an Island - Evolutionary Models of Social Relationships and Emotion -- emotion, social support, and health across the life span -- The Prenatal Period -- Infancy and Early Childhood -- Later Childhood and Adolescence -- Adulthood -- future directions -- Measurement -- Life-Span Perspective -- Physiological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Pathways -- conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Social Cognition and Social Relationships -- the nature of attributions in personal relationships -- Attributions and Personal Relationships -- The Social Content of Memory Representations and Attributional Processing -- Conclusion -- aging and attributional judgment biases -- Age Differences in Social Schemas -- Social Schemas and Attributional Processing -- implications for personal relationships in older adulthood -- the role of emotion in social judgments about personal relationships -- conclusions and future directions -- References -- 12 Dyadic Fits and Transactions in Personality and Relationships -- personality and relationships across the life span -- Stability and Change of Personality -- Stability and Change of Relationships -- personality-relationship transaction -- Two Basic Rules of Personality-Relationship Transaction -- Mechanisms of Personality-Relationship Transaction -- individual and dyadic perspectives -- Individual Perspective -- Dyadic Perspective -- who suits whom? -- Birds of a Feather Flock Together.

Proactive and Evocative Transactions in Interpersonal Attraction -- Assumed Similarity -- personality-relationship transaction over time -- Personality Effects on Relationships -- Relationship Effects on Personality -- conclusions and future directions -- References -- 13 Relational Competence across the Life Span -- the two-component model of relational competence -- developmental issues in relational competence -- Reorganizations in the Development of Relational Competence -- Developmental Challenges to Relational Competence -- Relational Competence and Adjustment -- relational competence in later life -- Hardiness/Resiliency -- Relational Competence and Productive, Successful Aging -- Convoys of Support -- Increasing Dependency (and Loss) in Later Life -- conclusions and directions for future research -- References -- 14 Social Motivation across the Life Span -- a life span perspective on the regulation of personal relationships -- (1) Seeking Personal Relationships Is a Ubiquitous Motive of Individual Action throughout the Life Course -- (2) Contextual Influences Determine the Course and Outcome of Personal Relationships -- (3) The Structure and Function of Personal Relationships Are Differently Associated with Age -- (4) Personal Relationships May Contribute to Mastery at All Stages of Life When Age Adequate -- (5) Each and Every Personal Relationship Is Vulnerable and at Risk of Being Ended -- (6) There Is Much Diversity and Variability between and among the Personal Relationships that Individuals Maintain over the Life Course -- motivation of personal relationships across the life span: goals and resources -- social motivation and the maintenance of personal relationships: types of goals -- social goals and personal relationships over the life course: moderating influences of resources.

perceptions of the future as a developmental resource: empirical illustrations across the life span.