Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Series editor's preface -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Introduction: the new collective security -- Structure of the volume -- Law and politics in United Nations reform -- Defining "threats" to collective security -- Prevention and responses -- Security Council reform -- Human Rights Council -- Peacebuilding Commission -- Responsibility to protect -- UN Sanctions reform -- Perspectives on the ground -- Part I Law and politics in United Nations reform -- 1 Things fall apart: the concept of collective security in international law -- Introduction -- The concept of collective security -- The historical evolution of collective security -- Collective security in international law -- Formal rules -- Policy anti-formalism -- Realist skepticism -- Idealism -- Collective security under the United Nations Charter -- Conclusion -- 2 Reflections on the politics of institutional reform -- The Security Council -- The Human Rights Council -- The Peacebuilding Commission -- Silence on the Sanctions Committees -- The political rationality of reform -- 3 Great Powers then and now: Security Council reform and responses to threats to peace and security -- Great Powers and the trouble with international egalitarianism -- The creation of the Security Council: history debunked -- Collective security: the rules of the game and how they were broken -- The High-level Panel's suggestions: the dangers of a further-empowered Security Council and why enlargement and legitimacy don't mix -- The frontlines of the next international order: United Nations or American hegemony? -- PART II Defining "threats" to collective security -- 4 Assessing the High-Level Panel Report: rethinking the causes and consequences of threats to collective security -- Introduction.

Pre-Panel diagnosis of threats to collective security -- The High-level Panel Report's diagnosis -- Post-Cold War collective prevention of threats to international security -- Sanctions and collective security -- Rethinking the concept of collective security -- Conclusion -- 5 Collective security and the responsibility to protect -- From humanitarian intervention to the responsibility to protect -- Humanitarian intervention and the "war on terror" -- Taking human protection seriously -- Sovereignty -- Protection -- Conclusion -- 6 Responses to nonmilitary threats: environment, disease, and technology -- The dilemma: abstract concepts without a new paradigm -- Identifying the parameters of the collective security problem -- Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals -- The High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change -- The Secretary-General's Report In Larger Freedom -- The outcome of the 2005 World Summit -- Clustering threats: a misguided approach -- Clustering threats and the impossibility of a clustered response -- Sharing the burden for nonmilitary threats -- Sharing the burden of responding to nonmilitary threats -- Responding: who and how -- The institutional dimension -- The conceptual dimension -- All threats are not created equally: the particular challenge of technology -- PART III Prevention and responses -- 7 On the far side of conflict: the UN Peacebuilding Commission as optical illusion -- The past as prologue -- Common system coordination in the early years -- Filling the vacuum after the Cold War -- The era of sweeping reform proposals -- The twenty-first century: an end to innocence -- How far have we come? -- Towards an organizational framework for peacebuilding -- The genesis of the Peacebuilding Commission: too little, too late? -- Off to a timid start -- Conclusion.

8 The new peacebuilding architecture: an institutional innovation of the United Nations -- Filling an institutional gap -- The Peacebuilding Commission -- The Peacebuilding Support Office -- The Peacebuilding Fund -- The Peacebuilding Commission: the selection process and the characteristics of the countries under consideration -- Nature and scope of the Peacebuilding Commission's engagement with the first two countries on its agenda -- Supporting the development of the integrated peacebuilding strategy -- Bringing together various actors in support of national peacebuilding efforts -- Offering assistance and encouragement to governments to sustain the peacebuilding effort -- The challenges -- The present and potential added value -- An encouraging start -- Annex -- 9 The World Summit process and UN sanctions reform: between rhetoric and force -- Post-Cold War refinements to UN sanctions policy -- From the High-Level Panel to the World Summit Outcome -- Sanctions and the HLP Report -- Sanctions and In Larger Freedom -- Sanctions and the World Summit Outcome -- A fairly even scorecard: the integrity of sanctions reform proposals from the HLP Report to the World Summit Outcome -- The World Summit Outcome and sanctions reform: could more have been proposed? -- Looking to the future: treacherous normative waters -- 10 The UN response to the evolving threat of global terrorism: institutional reform, rivalry, or renewal? -- Introduction -- The Security Council's post 9/11 response -- Initial post-11 response: Resolutions 1368, 1373, and 1377 and the creation of the Counter-Terrorism Committee -- Resolutions 1390 and 1735: the Council's Al-aeda/Taliban sanctions regime -- Resolution 1456: combating terrorism while respecting human rights.

The Council's response to the Madrid bombings: Resolution 1535 and the establishment of the Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED) -- Resolution 1540: Council institutional and normative expansion continues -- Resolution 1566: the Council reacts to Beslan -- Resolution 1624: the Council reacts to the London bombings -- Assessing the Council's efforts: achievements and shortcomings -- The UN Secretariat -- The emergence of the General Assembly and the adoption of the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy -- A shift to a more inclusive, broadased UN counter-terrorism program -- 11 International justice and collective security: between pragmatism and principle -- The evolution of the relationship between the Council and the ICC -- Coordinating the objectives of the Council and the ICC in practice -- The Council's power to refer cases to the ICC -- The Council's role in ensuring state cooperation with the ICC -- Subordinating the ICC's objectives to those of the Council in practice -- The Council's power of deferral -- The Council's and the ICC's roles in determining the crime of aggression -- Conclusion -- PART IV Perspectives on the ground -- 12 Developing security in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: MONUC as a practical example of (failing) collective security -- Introduction -- UN reform -- Conflicts in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo -- The wars -- The peace process -- MONUC's functioning -- MONUC's tasks -- MONUC's role in peace and security -- MONUC's role in facilitating the transition -- MONUC's role in the establishment of law and human rights -- MONUC's role in improving the human conditions for sustainable peace -- MONUC's support and management -- The relevance of UN reforms for MONUC -- The relevance of MONUC for the "New Collective Security System" -- Issues external to MONUC.

1. The self-sustaining political economy of war -- 2. Various local, national, transnational, and international conflicts interact -- 3. The breakdown of state institutions and civil society -- 4. The breakdown of social norms and values -- 5. Ethnic violence -- 6. The lack of sustained international attention -- Issues internal to MONUC -- 1. Stay above the fray? -- 2. Breakdown of norms and values within MONUC -- 3. Getting the mandate right and getting money -- The state-based assumption -- Conclusions -- Glossary -- 13 Indirect power: a critical look at civil society in the new Human Rights Council -- NGOs and the basis for their participation in the Human Rights Council -- What is "international civil society"? -- Are NGOs representative of civil society? -- Are NGOs legitimate representatives of civil society at the international level? -- NGO participation makes the United Nations more legitimate -- NGO participation in the newly created Council -- The impact of meeting frequency on NGO participation -- Indirect empowerment: NGOs' contribution to the collective security project -- NGOs' role in scrutinizing membership of the new Council -- The Universal Periodic Review mechanism -- NGOs, Special Procedures and the Complaints Procedure -- 14 Collective security: a village-eye view -- Security threats to villages -- The role of institutions in minimizing collective security threats to villages -- The role of international NGOs -- The role of local NGOs -- The role of foreign governments -- The role of local communities -- The role of the state -- The benefits of collective security as a development paradigm -- The UN's role in collective security at the village level -- Enhancing the effectiveness of institutions' responses to security threats -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Primary Documents -- Books, Articles, and Reports -- Index.