Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- List of contributors -- Part 1: Integrating mechanisms into life history evolution -- 1 Integrating mechanistic and evolutionary analysis of life history variation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The life history framework -- 1.3 The study of causal mechanisms linking genotype to phenotype -- 1.4 How can mechanistic insights contribute to understanding life history evolution? -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2 Genomic insights into life history evolution -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Genomic analysis of trade-offs -- 2.3 To what extent is the phenotype determined by different molecular/developmental mechanisms? -- 2.4 Summary -- 2.5 Acknowledgments -- Part 2: Growth, development, and maturation -- 3 Emerging patterns in the regulation and evolution of marine invertebrate settlement and metamorphosis -- 3.1 Background -- 3.2 Introduction to marine invertebrate life histories -- 3.3 Regulation of larval development and the evolution of feeding modes in echinoids: Energy allocation trade-offs during larval development -- 3.4 Mechanisms underlying larval settlement and the evolution of alternative settlement strategies: Signal detection and modulation during settlement -- 3.5 Settlement strategies: Evolution of sensory structures and signaling networks -- 3.6 Future directions -- 3.7 Summary -- 3.8 Acknowledgments -- 4 Evolution and the regulation of growth and body size -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The regulation of body size in insects -- 4.3 The regulation of growth rate -- 4.4 Environmental variation in body size: The functional interaction between critical size, TGP, and growth rate in insect size regulation -- 4.5 Trade-offs between body size and other traits -- 4.6 The evolution of body size -- 4.7 Summary -- 4.8 Acknowledgments -- 5 The genetic and endocrine basis for the evolution of metamorphosis in insects -- 5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Endocrine regulation of metamorphosis -- 5.3 Comparative endocrinology across insect life history strategies -- 5.4 Endocrine titers and cuticle progression during embryonic development -- 5.5 Comparison of hemi- and holometabolous endocrine events during postembryonic development -- 5.6 The "status-quo" action of juvenile hormone and its signal transduction -- 5.7 The broad gene and specification of the pupal stage -- 5.8 Summary -- 5.9 Acknowledgments -- 6 Thyroidal regulation of life history transitions in fish -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fish ontogeny and life history transitions -- 6.3 Overview of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis -- 6.4 The hypothalamic-pituitary axis -- 6.5 Thyroid tissue and hormone synthesis -- 6.6 Thyroidal regulation of fish ontogeny and life history transitions -- 6.7 Summary -- 6.8 Acknowledgments -- 7 Hormone regulation and the evolution of frog metamorphic diversity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ecological context of metamorphic life history evolution -- 7.3 Key concepts in the endocrinology of metamorphosis -- 7.4 Endocrine basis of amphibian life history evolution -- 7.5 Molecular mechanisms of peripheral control: Potential evolutionary targets underlying -- 7.6 Conclusions -- 7.7 Summary -- Part 3: Reproduction -- 8 Asexual reproduction in Cnidaria: Comparative developmental processes and candidate mechanisms -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Diversification of clonal reproduction in cnidarians -- 8.3 Trade-offs and environmental signaling in asexual reproduction -- 8.4 Trade-offs between methods of asexual reproduction -- 8.5 Environmental signals and reception in cnidarian asexual reproduction -- 8.6 Looking ahead: Combining signaling with developmental mechanisms -- 8.7 Summary -- 8.8 Acknowledgments.

9 The genetics and evolution of flowering time variation in plants: Identifying genes that control a key life history transition -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The natural and laboratory history of Arabidopsis -- 9.3 The molecular genetics of flowering time -- 9.4 Epistatic effects among FRI and FLC -- 9.5 Pleiotropic effects of genes controlling flowering time variation -- 9.6 Comparative functional genomics: The genetics of flowering time in other species -- 9.7 Synthesis and prospectus -- 9.8 Summary -- 9.9 Acknowledgments -- 10 Mechanisms of nutrient-dependent reproduction in dipteran insects -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Larval nutrition and reproduction -- 10.3 Adult-acquired resources -- 10.4 The evolutionary genetics of reproduction: Future prospects -- 10.5 Summary -- 10.6 Acknowledgments -- 11 Mechanisms underlying reproductive trade-offs: Costs of reproduction -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Key life history traits and costs of reproduction -- 11.3 Intrinsic costs of reproduction: Trade-offs between reproductive activity and survival or future reproductive rate -- 11.4 Reproductive hormones as mediators of trade-offs between reproductive rate and lifespan -- 11.5 Male seminal fluid proteins as mediators of trade-offs between reproduction and lifespan in females -- 11.6 The immune system as a mediator of costs between current reproductive rate and survival -- 11.7 Damage as a mediator of trade-offs between current reproductive rate and survival -- 11.8 Resource allocation: Allocation versus adaptive signaling -- 11.9 Costs of reproduction in a fitness-based framework -- 11.10 New directions -- 11.11 Summary -- 11.12 Acknowledgments -- 12 Patterns and processes of human life history evolution -- 12.1 The evolution of human life histories -- 12.2 Proximate mechanisms of human life history patterns -- 12.3 Summary.

Part 4: Lifespan, aging, and somatic maintenance -- 13 Parallels in understanding the endocrine control of lifespan with the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Reproductive diapause -- 13.3 Reproduction and its trade-offs -- 13.4 Endocrine regulation -- 13.5 Conclusion -- 13.6 Summary -- 13.7 Acknowledgments -- 14 The genetics of dietary modulation of lifespan -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Calorie restriction as a modulator of life history traits -- 14.3 The evolution of dietary restriction and its lifespan-extending effect -- 14.4 Dietary restriction in lower organisms -- 14.5 Dietary restriction in higher organisms -- 14.6 Concluding remarks -- 14.7 Summary -- 14.8 Acknowledgments -- 15 Molecular stress pathways and the evolution of life histories in reptiles -- 15.1 Reptiles possess remarkable variation and plasticity in life history -- 15.2 The molecular stress networks: What is known in reptiles? -- 15.3 Environmental stress and evolving molecular pathways: Evidence in reptiles -- 15.4 Perspective -- 15.5 Summary -- 15.6 Acknowledgments -- 16 Mechanisms of aging in human populations -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mechanisms of aging -- 16.3 Convergence of longevity signals -- 16.4 Integration of genetic pathways and the environment -- 16.5 Summary -- 16.6 Acknowledgments -- Part 5: Life history plasticity -- 17 Mechanisms underlying feeding-structure plasticity in echinoderm larvae -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Plasticity of feeding structures -- 17.3 Evidence for adaptive plasticity -- 17.4 Developmental regulation -- 17.5 Mechanisms of perception -- 17.6 Mechanisms of morphological response -- 17.7 Integrative response -- 17.8 Future directions -- 17.9 Summary -- 17.10 Acknowledgments.

18 Evolution and mechanisms of insect reproductive diapause: A plastic and pleiotropic life history syndrome -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Advances and methods -- 18.3 Diapause as a model system for life history evolution -- 18.4 Identifying genes for seasonality -- 18.5 Pathway and genomic analyses -- 18.6 Summary -- 18.7 Acknowledgments -- 19 Seasonal polyphenisms and environmentally induced plasticity in the Lepidoptera: The coordinated evolution of many traits on multiple levels -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Frameworks for dissecting the evolution of polyphenisms -- 19.3 Case studies on the adaptive nature of seasonal polyphenisms -- 19.4 Environmental cues and the physiological regulation of plasticity -- 19.5 Genetics of the evolution of the seasonal polyphenism in wing pattern -- 19.6 Life history evolution in polyphenic butterflies -- 19.7 Perspectives: Suites of adaptive traits in combination with an ability to acclimate -- 19.8 Summary -- 19.9 Acknowledgments -- 20 Honey bee life history plasticity: Development, behavior, and aging -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Development -- 20.3 Behavioral maturation and specialization -- 20.4 Worker aging -- 20.5 Concluding remarks -- 20.6 Summary -- 20.7 Acknowledgments -- Part 6: Life history integration and trade-offs -- 21 Molecular mechanisms of life history trade-offs and the evolution of multicellular complexity in volvocalean green algae -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 The volvocalean green algal group -- 21.3 Mechanisms of life history trade-offs and the evolution of multicellularity in volvocalean algae -- 21.4 Co-opting mechanisms underlying environmentally induced life history trade-offs for cell differentiation -- 21.5 Conclusion -- 21.6 Summary -- 21.7 Acknowledgments -- 22 Molecular basis of life history regulation in C. elegans and other organisms -- 22.1 Introduction.

22.2 C. elegans life history.