Groundwater Contamination -- Copyright -- Studies In Geophysics -- PREFACE -- Contents -- OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- THE PROBLEM -- GROUNDWATER: THE RESOURCE -- SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION -- DISPOSAL PRACTICES -- Landfills -- Evaporation Ponds and Lagoons -- Deep Injection or Burial -- Multiple Barriers -- EFFECTIVE DISPOSAL SITES -- GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY CONSERVATIVE TRANSPORT -- Transport with Reactions -- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -- MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS -- RESTORATION OF CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- I BACKGROUND -- 1 The Extent of Groundwater Contamination in the United States -- Sources of Groundwater Contamination -- Severity of Groundwater Contamination -- Regional Assessments of Groundwater Contaminants in the United States -- State Summaries of Known Incidences of Contamination -- Arizona -- California -- Connecticut -- Florida -- Idaho -- Illinois -- Nebraska -- New Jersey -- New Mexico -- South Carolina -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- II PROCESSES -- 2 Movement of Contaminants in Groundwater: Groundwater Transport-Advection and Dispersion -- Introduction -- Advection-Dispersion Equation -- Is Dispersion a Fickian Process? -- Definition of Dispersivity -- Summary and Discussion -- Dispersion in Fractured Rock -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 Contaminants in Groundwater: Chemical Processes -- Introduction -- Transport with Chemical Mass Transfer -- Adsorption in Advective-Dispersive Systems -- Limitations of the Adsorption-Isotherm Approach -- Precipitation and Solubility Controls -- Hydrolysis and Chemical Speciation -- Oxidation and Reduction -- Mineral Dissolution and Acid Consumption -- Behavior of Organic Contaminants -- Sorption -- Chemical Reactions -- Biological Reactions -- Organic Compounds As Complexing Agents -- Field Studies of Contaminated Groundwater.

Chemical Reactions and Permeable Media -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- III METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL -- 4 Shallow Land Burial of Municipal Wastes -- Introduction -- Leachate Characteristics -- Gas Production -- Hydrogeologic Criteria -- Unsaturated Flow -- Site Size -- Water Balance -- Trench Covers -- Trench Liners -- Monitoring -- Monitoring Methodology -- Verification of Contamination -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 Deep Burial Of Toxic Wastes -- Introduction -- Methods of Disposal -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Deep Burial -- A Hypothetical Repository -- Hydrogeologic Properties of Rocks at Depth -- General Data from Wells and Test Holes -- Geochemical Evidence -- Problems of Evaluating the Hydrologic Hazards of a Waste Repository -- Trajectory of Contaminants -- Concentration of Contaminants -- Total Amount of Contaminants That Reach the Surface -- Travel Time -- Flow of Groundwater Through a Closed Repository -- Initial Inflow -- Steady-State Flow Conditions -- Isolated Leaks -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- IV EXAMPLES -- 6 Groundwater Contamination and Aquifer Reclamation at The Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado -- Introduction -- Description of Study Area -- History of Contamination -- Hydrogeology -- Contamination Pattern -- Application of Simulation Models -- Aquifer Restoration Program -- Response to Cease and Desist Orders -- Contaminant Migration Control at Arsenal Boundaries -- Treatment Process -- Installation and Operation of Pilot Containment System -- Expanded Containment System -- Other Contaminant Migration Control Systems -- Planning for Control and Elimination of Contaminant Sources -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Geologic Problems at Low-Level Radioactive Waste-Disposal Sites -- Introduction -- Site-Selection Criteria for Existing Sites.

Problems Encountered at Existing Sites -- Bathtub Effect -- Trench-Cap Integrity -- Erosion -- High Water Table -- Hydrologic Complexity -- Flooding -- Complex Leachate Chemistry -- Rapid Radionuclide Migration -- Possible Answers to the Questions -- Bathtub Effect and Trench-Cap Integrity -- Geohydrologic Complexity -- High Water Table -- Complex Leachate Chemistry -- Rapid Radionuclide Migration in High-Permeability Media -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Groundwater Flow Modeling Study of the Love Canal Area, New York -- Introduction -- Background -- Lockport Dolomite -- Shallow System -- Aquifer Testing Analysis -- Lockport Dolomite Model -- Calibration -- Sensitivity Analysis -- Predictions Assuming Remedial Action -- Contamination Travel Times and Uncertainty Analysis -- Confining Bed -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 9 Nonpoint Contamination of Groundwater on Long Island, New York -- Introduction -- Geohydrology -- Natural Water-Quality Conditions -- Saltwater Encroachment -- Nitrate -- Metals -- Organic Solvents -- Methylene Blue Active Substances -- Pesticides -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Hydrogeochemical Studies at a Landfill in Delaware -- Introduction -- Statement of Problem -- Description of Site -- Geochemical Aspects -- Sampling Techniques -- Dissolved Oxygen, Ph, and Alkalinity -- Major Constituents -- Organic Compounds -- Chemical Mass Balance -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Assessment of the Potential for Radionuclide Migration from a Nuclear Explosion Cavity -- Introduction -- Cambric Re-Entry -- Satellite Well -- Laboratory Experiments -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Groundwater Restoration with in Situ Uranium Leach Mining -- Introduction -- Uranium Deposition in Sandstone -- Mining Technology -- Groundwater Restoration Alternatives after Leach Mining.

In Situ Uranium Mining in South Texas -- Development and Economics of In Situ Mining in South Texas -- Groundwater Resources of the South Texas Mining District -- Regulation of the In Situ Uranium Industry in Texas -- Restoration Activities in the South Texas Uranium-Mining District -- References -- V INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS -- 13 Selected Variables Affecting the Choice between Federal and Sate Regulatory Responsibility: Groundwater Quality... -- Groundwater Quality and its Regulation -- Efficiency -- Jurisdictional Scope of Decision-Making Authority -- Structural Distance -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 14 Risk Assessment for the Prevention of Groundwater Contamination -- Introduction -- Overview -- Scope and Objectives -- Groundwater Contamination: Sources, Reasons, and Impacts -- Groundwater-Quality Modeling -- The Multiobjective Framework -- Example Problem -- Internalizing the Externalities of Pollution -- Quantitative Analyses -- Introduction -- Generic Model Formulation -- A Hierarchical Multiobjective Framework -- Risk-Assessment Methodologies -- The Multiobjective Statistical Method -- Problem Definition -- Construction of Risk Functions -- The Partitioned Multiobjective Risk Method -- Epilogue -- Acknowledgments -- References.