Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Theory to Practice of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Application of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice -- 1.1.2 Scope of the Book -- 1.1.3 Gradual Emergence of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics -- 1.1.4 Challenges to Implementation -- 1.1.5 Laboratory and Field Visualization of Degree of Saturation -- 1.2 Moisture and Thermal Flux Boundary Conditions -- 1.2.1 Quantification of Moisture and Thermal Boundary Fluxes -- 1.3 Determination of Unsaturated Soil Properties -- 1.3.1 Estimation Procedures for Unsaturated Soil Properties -- 1.3.2 Design Protocols for Unsaturated Soil Properties -- 1.4 Stages in Moving Toward Implementation -- 1.4.1 State Variable Stage -- 1.4.2 Constitutive Stage -- 1.4.3 Formulation Stage -- 1.4.4 Solution Stage -- 1.4.5 Design Stage -- 1.4.6 Verification and Monitoring Stage -- 1.4.7 Implementation Stage -- 1.5 Need for Unsaturated Soil Mechanics -- 1.5.1 Application Areas for Unsaturated Soil Mechanics -- 1.5.2 Construction and Operation of a Dam -- 1.5.3 Natural Slopes Subjected to Environmental Changes -- 1.5.4 Mounding Below Waste Retention Ponds -- 1.5.5 Stability of Vertical or Near-Vertical Excavations -- 1.5.6 Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundations -- 1.5.7 Ground Movements Involving Expansive Soils -- 1.5.8 Design of Soil Cover Systems and Capillary Breaks -- 1.5.9 Road and Railroad Structures -- 1.5.10 Characteristics of Unsaturated Soil Examples -- 1.6 Partial Differential Equations in Soil Mechanics -- 1.6.1 Components of Boundary Value Problem -- 1.6.2 Partial Differential Equation Solving -- 1.6.3 Convergence of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations -- 1.6.4 Uncoupled Processes in Unsaturated Soil Mechanics.

1.6.5 Numerical Modeling of Saturated-Unsaturated Soils -- 1.6.6 Example of Two-Dimensional Seepage Analysis -- 1.6.7 Finite Element Mesh for Three-Dimensional Tailings Pond -- 1.6.8 Example of Stress and Shear Strength Applications -- 1.6.9 Example of Combined Stress, Seepage, and Deformation Analysis -- 1.7 Engineering Protocols for Unsaturated Soils -- 1.7.1 Definition of Engineering Protocol -- 1.7.2 Categorization of Engineering Design Protocols -- 1.7.3 Preliminary Design Protocols -- 1.7.4 Final Design Protocols -- 1.7.5 Verification or Monitoring Category -- 1.7.6 Other Factors Affecting Engineering Design Protocol -- 1.7.7 Challenge for the Future -- Chapter 2 Nature and Phase Properties of Unsaturated Soil -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 What Is an Unsaturated Soil? -- 2.1.2 Unsaturated Soil as Four-Phase Mixture -- 2.1.3 Distinctive Features of Contractile Skin -- 2.1.4 Terminology for Continuum Mechanics Variables of State -- 2.1.5 Designation of Stress State Variables -- 2.1.6 Designation of Deformation State Variables -- 2.1.7 Typical Profiles of Unsaturated Soils -- 2.2 Soil Classification -- 2.2.1 Grain-Size Distribution Curves -- 2.2.2 Equation for Grain-Size Distribution Curve -- 2.2.3 Atterberg Limits -- 2.2.4 Shrinkage Curve Equation -- 2.3 Phase Properties -- 2.3.1 Solid Phase -- 2.3.2 Water Phase -- 2.3.3 Air Phase -- 2.3.4 Air-Water Interface or Contractile Skin -- 2.3.5 Interaction of Air and Water -- 2.3.6 Water Vapor -- 2.3.7 Air Dissolving in Water -- 2.3.8 Diffusion of Air through Water -- 2.3.9 Surface Tension -- 2.3.10 Capillary Phenomenon -- 2.4 Volume-Mass Variables -- 2.4.1 Porosity -- 2.4.2 Void Ratio -- 2.4.3 Degree of Saturation -- 2.4.4 Volumetric Water Content -- 2.4.5 Gravimetric Water Content -- 2.4.6 Volume-Mass Relations -- 2.4.7 Volume-Mass Relations When Pore Fluid Is Not Water.

2.5 Soil Compaction -- 2.5.1 Pore Pressure Development During StaticCompaction -- 2.5.2 Computation of Volume Change and Dry Density -- 2.5.3 Compaction Model Assumptions -- 2.5.4 Comparison of Predicted and Measured Compaction Curves -- 2.6 Volume-Mass Relations When Mass Is Lost from System -- 2.6.1 Similarities between Heap Leach and Municipal Solid Waste Problems -- 2.6.2 Differences between Heap Leach and Municipal Solid Waste Problems -- 2.6.3 Continuity When Mass Is Lost -- 2.6.4 Incorporation of Constitutive Relations into Physical Processes -- 2.6.5 Model to Predict Removal of Solid Mass -- Chapter 3 State Variables for Unsaturated Soils -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Basis for State Variables -- 3.1.2 Background on Stress State for Saturated Soils -- 3.1.3 Background of Stress State for Unsaturated Soils -- 3.1.4 Designation of Deformation State Variables -- 3.1.5 Constitutive Relations Stage -- 3.2 Basis for Stress State Variables -- 3.2.1 Experimental Evidence for Stress State Variables -- 3.2.2 Theoretical Evidence of Stress State Variables -- 3.3 Stress State Variables for Unsaturated Soils -- 3.3.1 Equilibrium Analysis for One-Phase Solid -- 3.3.2 Equilibrium Equations for Multiphase System -- 3.3.3 Independent Phase Equilibrium -- 3.3.4 Water Phase Equilibrium -- 3.3.5 Air Phase Equilibrium -- 3.3.6 Contractile Skin Equilibrium -- 3.3.7 Equilibrium for the Soil Structure (Arrangement of Soil Particles) -- 3.3.8 Other Combinations of Stress State Variables -- 3.3.9 Saturated Soils as Special Case of Unsaturated Soils -- 3.3.10 Case of Dry Soil (Solids and Air) -- 3.3.11 Smooth Transition from Saturated to Unsaturated Conditions -- 3.3.12 Consideration of Equilibriuma cross Wavy Plane -- 3.4 Representation of Stress States -- 3.4.1 In Situ Designation of Stress Components -- 3.4.2 Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure.

3.5 Equations for Mohr Circle -- 3.5.1 Construction of Mohr Circles for Unsaturated Soils -- 3.5.2 Stress Invariants -- 3.6 Role of Osmotic Suction -- 3.6.1 Independence of Components of Soil Suction -- 3.6.2 Description of Osmosis -- 3.6.3 Mechanisms Associated with Osmotic Suction -- Chapter 4 Measurement and Estimation of State Variables -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Measurement of Soil Suction -- 4.2.1 Theory Related to Measurement of Soil Suction Components -- 4.2.2 Components of Soil Suction -- 4.2.3 Typical Suction Values and Measuring Devices -- 4.2.4 Measurement of Matric Suction -- 4.2.5 Direct Measurements (Low Suctions up to 100 kPa) -- 4.2.6 Direct Measurements (High Suctions Exceeding 100 kPa) -- 4.2.7 Axis Translation Technique for the Laboratory -- 4.2.8 Indirect Measurement of Soil Suction -- 4.2.9 Thermal Conductivity Suction Sensors -- 4.3 Measurement of Total Suction -- 4.3.1 Psychrometers -- 4.3.2 Chilled-Mirror Psychrometer -- 4.3.3 Filter Paper Method -- 4.4 Measurement of Osmotic Suction -- 4.4.1 Squeezing Technique -- 4.5 Measurement of In Situ Water Content -- 4.5.1 Measurement of Water Content -- 4.5.2 Radiological-Based Methods -- 4.5.3 Dielectric-Based Methods -- 4.6 Estimation of Soil Suction -- 4.6.1 Estimation of Matric Suction -- 4.6.2 Use of SWCC to Estimate Soil Suction -- 4.6.3 Estimation of Total Suction -- 4.6.4 Estimation of Osmotic Suction -- Chapter 5 Soil-Water Characteristic Curves for Unsaturated Soils -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Background of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics -- 5.1.2 Early Developments on the SWCC in Soil Physics -- 5.1.3 Early Equipment for Measuring the SWCC -- 5.1.4 Early Conceptual Models of Flow in Unsaturated Soils -- 5.1.5 The SWCC in Early Soil Mechanics -- 5.1.6 Need for Unsaturated Soil Property Functions -- 5.1.7 Terminology and Definitions.

5.2 Volume-Mass Constitutive Relations -- 5.2.1 Designation of Amount of Water in Soil -- 5.2.2 Deformable and Nondeformable Soils -- 5.2.3 Designation of Stress State -- 5.2.4 Upper Limit for Soil Suction -- 5.2.5 Volume-Mass Constitutive Relationships -- 5.3 Equations for SWCC -- 5.3.1 Comments on Some Empirical SWCC Equations -- 5.3.2 Theory of Pore-Size Distribution and the SWCC -- 5.4 Regression Analysis on SWCC Equations -- 5.4.1 Equations for the SWCC -- 5.4.2 Comparative Studies of SWCCs -- 5.5 Hysteresis, Initialization, and Interpretation of SWCC -- 5.5.1 Hysteresis in SWCC -- 5.5.2 Initialization of Stress State in SWCC Test -- 5.5.3 Desaturation Stages along SWCC -- 5.5.4 Interpretation of SWCC Data for Low-Volume-Change Soil -- 5.5.5 Interpretation of SWCC Data for High-Volume-Change Soil -- 5.5.6 Linkage between SWCC and Unsaturated Soil Properties -- 5.6 Pham and Fredlund (2011) Equation for Entire SWCC -- 5.6.1 SWCC Equation with Meaningful Parameters for Entire Suction Range -- 5.6.2 Pham and Fredlund (2009) Simplified Equation for Entire SWCC -- 5.6.3 Pham and Fredlund (2011) Equation Fit of Soil Data -- 5.6.4 Comments on Pham and Fredlund (2011) SWCC Equations -- 5.7 Gitirana and Fredlund (2004) SWCC -- 5.7.1 Unimodal Equation with One Bending Point -- 5.7.2 Unimodal Equation with Two Bending Points -- 5.7.3 Bimodal SWCC Equation -- 5.7.4 Parametric Analysis of Gitirana and Fredlund (2004) SWCC Equations -- 5.7.5 Fitting Gitirana and Fredlund (2004) SWCC Equation to Experimental Data -- 5.8 Measurement of SWCC Using Pressure Plate Devices -- 5.8.1 Tempe Cell Apparatus and Test Procedure -- 5.8.2 Volumetric Pressure Plate Extractor Apparatus and Test Procedure -- 5.8.3 Test Procedure for Volumetric Pressure Plate Extractor -- 5.8.4 Drying Portion of SWCC -- 5.8.5 Wetting Portion of SWCC.

5.8.6 Pressure Plate Extractors for Drying Tests.