Front Cover -- Molecular Photofitting -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Forensic DNA Analysis: From Modest Beginnings to Molecular Photofitting, Genics, Genetics, Genomics, and the Pertinent Population Genetics Principles -- Part I: Introduction: Brief History of DNA in Forensic Sciences -- The Statistics of Forensic DNA Analysis -- The Nature of Human Genetic Variation -- Population Genetics and Population Genomics -- The Promise of Molecular Photofitting as a Tool in Forensic Science -- Part II: The Basic Principles -- Lack of Human Diversity Relative to Other Species -- Chapter 2: Ancestry and Admixture -- What Are Ancestry and Admixture? -- The Need for Molecular Tests for Ancestry -- Ancestry Informative Markers -- Biogeographical Ancestry Admixture as a Tool for Forensics and Physical Profiling -- Chapter 3: Biogeographical Ancestry Admixture Estimation-Theoretical Considerations -- Estimating by Anthropometric Trait Value -- Admixture and Gene Flow Estimated from Single Loci -- Admixture in Individual Samples -- Using the Hanis Method on Population Models k>2 -- Parameter Uncertainty -- Bayesian Methods for Accommodating Parameter Uncertainty -- Sampling Error -- Assumptions about Marker Linkage and Intensity of Admixture in Parents -- Pritchard's Structure Program -- In Defense of a Simple Admixture Model -- Practical Considerations for Building an Ancestry Admixture Test -- Selecting AIMs from the Genome-How Many Are Needed? -- Comparing the Power of Specific Loci for Specific Resolutions -- Genomic Coverage of AIMs -- More Elaborate Methods of Selecting Markers for Information Content -- Shannon Information -- Fischerian Information Content -- Informativeness for Assignment -- Type of Polymorphisms -- Interpretation of Ancestry Estimates -- Objective Interpretation.

Genetic Mapping and Admixture -- Appendix (Ancestry Frequency Table) -- Chapter 4: Biogeographical Ancestry Admixture Estimation-Practicality and Application -- The Distribution of Human Genetic Variability and Choice of Population Model -- Marker Selection -- Sample Collection -- Presenting Individual Biogeographical Ancestry (BGAA) Results -- Conceptual Issues -- Chapter 5: Characterizing Admixture Panels -- Parental Sample Plots -- Model Choices and Dimensionality -- Size of Confidence Contours -- Repeatability -- Sensitivity -- Analysis of Results for Genealogists -- Analysis of Results for Nongenealogists -- Blind Challenge of Concordance with Self-Assessed Race -- Confidence Interval Warping -- Sampled Pedigrees -- Simulated Pedigrees -- Comparing Different Algorithms with the Same AIM Panel -- Analysis Using Subsets of Markers -- Resolving Sample Mixtures -- Sample Quantity -- Nonhuman DNA -- Performance with Altered Parental Allele Frequencies -- Correlation with Anthropometric Phenotypes -- Simulations -- Creating Simulated Samples -- Source of Error Measured with Simulations -- Relationship between Error in Populations and within Individuals -- Precision of the 71 AIM Panel from Simulations -- Trends in Bias from the 71 AIM Panel -- 95% Confidence Threshold for 71 AIM Panel -- Precision of the 171 AIM Panel from Simulations -- MLE Thresholds for Assumption of Bona Fide Affiliation -- Comparison of 71 and 171 AIM Panels -- Observed and Expected Bias -- What Do the Simulations Teach Us about Interpreting BGA Admixture Results? -- Bias Symmetry -- Impact of MLE Algorithm Dimensionality -- Simulations of Admixed Individuals -- MLE Precision from the Triangle Plots -- Confidence of Nonzero Affiliation -- Standard Deviation from Confidence Intervals -- Testing the Relation between Confidence Measures in Individuals and Populations.

Space outside the Triangle Plot -- Combined Sources Suggest an Average Error -- Chapter 6: Apportionment of Autosomal Diversity With Continental Markers -- The Need for Population Databases-Words Mean Less Than Data -- Trends on an Ethnic Level: Autosomal Versus Sex Chromosome Pattern -- What Do Continental Ancestry AIMs Say about Ethnicity? -- The Significance of Fractional Affiliation Results on a Population Level -- Reconstructing Human Histories from Autosomal Admixture Results -- Shared Recent Ancestry Versus Admixture: What Does Fractional Continental Affiliation for an Ethnic Group Mean? -- Returning Briefly to the Naming Problem-Relevance for Interpreting the Apportionment of Autosomal Diversity -- A Sampling of Ethnicities Using the 171 AIM Panel -- Interpretation of Ancestry Profiles for Ethnic Populations -- East Asian Admixture in the Middle East and South Asia -- Resolution within Continents Based on the Four-Population Model -- Interpretation of Continental BGA Results in Light of What We Have Learned from Application to Ethnic Populations -- Appropriateness of a Four-Population Model -- Do Allele Frequency Estimation Errors Account for the Secondary Affiliations in Ethnic Subpopulations? -- Indications of Cryptic Population Structure -- Chapter 7: Apportionment of Autosomal Diversity with Subcontinental Markers -- Subpopulation AIMs and Ethnic Stratification -- Within the European BGA Group-A Brief History of Europeans -- How Do We Subdivide Europeans for Forensics Use? -- Development of a Within-European AIM Panel -- The Euro 1.0 AIM Panel for a Four-Population Subcontinental Model -- Establishing the Optimal Parental Representatives -- Blind Challenge with Ethnically Admixed European-American Samples -- Population Isolates and Transplants -- Correlations with Anthropometric Traits -- Test Error.

Hierarchical Nature of Euro 1.0-Prior Information Required -- Euro 1.0 Pedigrees as an Aid to Interpreting Results -- Euro 1.0-Interpretation of Variation within Groups -- An Historical Perspective -- More Detailed Subpopulation Stratifications-k = 7 -- What Do the Groups NOR1, NOR2 . . . Mean? -- Evaluating the Results from the k = 7 European Model -- Comparison with Previous Studies Based on Gene Markers -- Comparison with Results from Other Studies -- Blind Challenge of the k = 7 Model Results with Ethnic Samples -- Correlation with Anthropometric Traits -- Pedigrees -- Substantial Variation in Admixture within Ethnic Groups -- Alternative Styles for Estimating Ethnic Admixture -- Chapter 8: Indirect Methods for Phenotype Inference -- Estimates of Genomic Ancestry Allows for Inference of Certain Phenotypes -- Phenotype Variation as a Function of Human Population History and Individual Ancestry -- Sources of Phenotypic Variation -- Empirical Observation of Admixture-Based Correlation Enables Generalization -- Empiricism as a Tool for the Indirect Method of Molecular Photofitting -- Reverse Facial Recognition Using Genomic Ancestry Estimates -- Estimating Phenotype from 2D Digital Photographs -- Estimating Phenotype from 3D Digital Photographs -- Examples of Database Queries-Global Characteristics from Digital Photographs -- Examples of Database Queries-Ethnic Descriptors and Geopolitical Affiliations -- Variation and Parameterization of Database Observations -- Can Social Construct Such as Race Be Inferred from DNA? -- Indirect Approach Using Finer Population Models -- Indirect Inference of Skin Pigmentation -- Sources of the Ancestry-Skin Pigmentation Correlation -- Can We Infer M Knowing Genomic Ancestry? -- Inferences of Composite Characteristics -- Why Not Use the Direct Method Instead? -- Indirect Inference of Iris Pigmentation.

Chapter 9: Direct Method of Phenotype Inference -- Pigmentation -- History of Pigmentation Research -- The Genetics of Human Pigmentation-A Complex Puzzle -- Biochemical Methods of Quantifying Pigment -- Iris Color -- Iris Color Phenotyping: The Need for a Thoughtful Approach -- Making Iris Color Measurements -- Population Surveys of Iris Melanin Index (IMI) Values -- Relation of IMI to Self-Described Iris Color -- History of Genetic Research on Iris Color -- Recent History of Association Mapping Results -- OCA2-The Primary Iris Color Gene -- An Empirical OCA2-Based Classifier for the Inference of Iris Color -- The Empirical Method of Direct Phenotype Inference -- Case Reports -- Hair Color -- Skin Pigmentation -- Final Considerations for the Direct Inference of Skin Pigmentation -- Chapter 10: The First Case Studies of Molecular Photofitting -- Case Reports -- Louisiana Serial Killer Multiagency Homicide Task Force Investigation -- Operation Minstead -- The Boulder, Colorado Chase Case -- Other Cases -- Chapter 11: The Politics and Ethics of Genetic Ancestry Testing -- Resistance -- Articles-Insight into Public Reaction -- Molecular Eyewitness: DNA Gets a Human Face -- DNA Tests Offer Clues to Suspect's Race -- Concerns of the Defense-Minded -- Concerns of the Prosecution-Minded -- Resistance in the Scientific Community -- Racism and Genetic Ancestry Testing -- Racism and the Common Racist Mantra -- The Data Does Not and Probably Cannot Support the Racist Viewpoint -- Subjective Nature of the Word Intelligence -- According to Nature, Diversity Is a Good Thing -- Bibliography -- Index.