Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Table of Cases -- Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments -- Table of Common Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 The International Legal Definition -- 1.1. History of a definition -- 1.2. The 2000 definition of trafficking -- 1.2.1. Key Issues During the Drafting Process -- 1.2.2. The "Action" Element -- 1.2.3. The "Means" Element -- 1.2.4. The "Purpose" Element -- 1.3. Post-2000 developments -- 1.4. The scope and limits of the definition -- 2 The International Legal Framework -- 2.1. A brief history of trafficking in international human rights treaty law -- 2.1.1. Trafficking and White Slavery -- 2.1.2. The 1949 Trafficking Convention -- 2.1.3. The CEDAW Convention -- 2.1.4. The Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocol -- 2.2. Trafficking in transnational criminal law -- Levels of Obligation -- Interpretative Materials -- The Relationship between the Convention and its Protocols. -- 2.2.1. The Organized Crime Convention -- 2.2.2. The Trafficking Protocol -- Overview of the Protocol. -- Criminalization, Investigation, and Punishment of Trafficking. -- Establishment of Jurisdiction. -- Victim Protection and Support. -- Special Protections for Trafficked Children. -- Legal Status and Repatriation. -- Prevention and Cooperation. -- 2.2.3. The Migrant Smuggling Protocol -- Overview of the Migrant Smuggling Protocol. -- Human Rights, Asylum-seekers, and Refugees. -- 2.3. Regional legal agreements -- 2.3.1. European Union Instruments -- 2.3.1.1. EU Framework Decision on Combating Trafficking (2002) -- 2.3.1.2. EU Council Directive on Short-term Residency Permits -- 2.3.1.3. Proposal for a Replacement to the 2002 Framework Decision (2009-2010) -- Criminal Law and Prosecutions. -- Victim Protection and Support.

Prevention of Trafficking. -- Implementation and Monitoring. -- Next Steps. -- 2.3.2. The Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking -- The Drafting Process. -- Scope and Purpose. -- The Definition of Trafficking. -- Protection and Assistance for Trafficked Persons. -- Special Measures for Children. -- Legal Status, Repatriation, and Remedies. -- Criminalization, Investigation, and Prosecution. -- Preventing Trafficking. -- International Cooperation. -- Evaluating the European Trafficking Convention. -- 2.3.3. The SAARC Convention -- Overview of the SAARC Convention. -- Substantive Issues and Concerns. -- An Uncertain Future. -- 2.4. Nontreaty aspects of the international legal framework -- 2.4.1. Customary Law, Jus Cogens, and Trafficking -- 2.4.2. Secondary and Subsidiary Sources of International Law -- 2.4.3. The "Soft" Law of Trafficking -- 3 Specific Legal Issues -- 3.1. Trafficked persons as noncitizens -- 3.1.1. Human Rights Protections for Noncitizens -- 3.1.2. A Note on Trafficking and Statelessness -- 3.2. Trafficked persons as migrants and migrant workers -- 3.2.1. Right to Leave and Return -- 3.2.2. Trafficked Persons as Migrant Workers -- ILO Instruments to Protect Migrant Workers. -- The Migrant Workers Convention. -- 3.3. Trafficking and slavery -- 3.3.1. The Definition and Indicia of Slavery -- 3.3.2. Trafficking as Slavery? -- 3.4. Trafficking as a form of discrimination and violence against women -- 3.5. Trafficking and asylum -- 3.5.1. Trafficking and the Right to Seek and Receive Asylum -- 3.5.2. Trafficking as the Basis of a Claim for Refugee Status -- A Well-founded Fear of Persecution. -- Agents of Persecution. -- State Protection -- The Place of Persecution. -- Reasons for Persecution. -- 3.5.3. Conclusion on Trafficking as a Basis for Asylum -- 3.5.4. A Note on Trafficking and Internal Displacement.

3.6. Trafficking in international humanitarian law and international criminal law -- 3.6.1. Sexual Violence and Other International Crimes Related to Trafficking -- 3.6.2. Trafficking as a Crime Against Humanity -- 4 State Responsibility for Trafficking -- 4.1. A general theory of international responsibility -- 4.2. State responsibility for violations of international law associated with trafficking -- 4.2.1. Requirement of Attribution -- 4.2.2. Requirement of a Breach of Obligation -- 4.3. State responsibility for trafficking-related breach of obligations originating in the conduct of private persons or entities -- 4.3.1. Implications of the General Rule of Nonattribution of Private Conduct -- 4.3.2. Moving Beyond the General Rule: State Responsibility to Prevent, Protect, and Respond -- 4.3.3. Identifying Violations Giving Rise to Responsibility: The Due Diligence Standard -- 4.3.4. Conclusion: The Primacy of the Primary Rules -- 4.4. Consequences of a finding of State responsibility -- 4.4.1. The Obligations of Cessation and Reparation -- 4.4.2. Consequences Attached to Serious Breaches of Peremptory Norms -- 4.5. Invocation of responsibility -- 4.5.1. General Rules Governing Invocation of Responsibility -- 4.5.2. Rules Governing Invocation of Responsibility for Violations of Human Rights Norms -- 4.5.3. Countermeasures -- 4.6. A note on legal responsibilities of international organizations, private individuals, and private entities -- 4.7. Summary of the key principles of State responsibility relevant to trafficking -- 5 Obligations of Protection and Support -- 5.1. Rapid and accurate victim identification -- 5.1.1. The Importance of Identification -- 5.1.2. An Obligation to Identify Victims -- 5.2. No prosecution or detention of victims -- 5.2.1. Prosecution for Status Offenses -- 5.2.2. Detention of Trafficked Persons.

Detention and the Right to Freedom of Movement. -- Detention, the Right to Liberty, and the Prohibition on Arbitrary Detention. -- Detention and the Prohibition on Sex-based Discrimination. -- Detention of Child Victims. -- Conclusions on Detention of Victims. -- 5.3. Protection and support for victims -- 5.3.1. Separating Protection and Support from Victim Cooperation -- 5.3.2. Protection from Further Harm -- 5.3.3. Privacy and Protection from Further Harm -- 5.3.4. Physical and Psychological Care and Support -- 5.3.5. Consular Access and Support -- 5.3.6. Noncoercion in the Provision of Care and Support -- 5.4. Legal assistance, participation, and the right to remain -- 5.4.1. Legal Information, Support, and Participation -- 5.4.2. Protection and Support for Victim-Witnesses -- 5.4.3. Right to Remain -- Reflection and Recovery Periods. -- Right to Remain During Legal Proceedings. -- 5.5. The rights and needs of child victims -- 5.5.1. Identification of Child Victims -- Presumptions of Age and Status. -- Requirements for Identification of Child Victims. -- 5.5.2. Applying the "Best Interests" Principle -- 5.5.3. Protection and Support for Trafficked Children -- Nondiscrimination, Right to Information, and Respect for the Views of the Child. -- Right to Privacy. -- Appointment of a Guardian. -- Child Victims in Criminal Proceedings. -- Durable Solutions: Family Tracing and Reunification. -- Durable Solutions: Repatriation of Child Victims of Trafficking. -- Durable Solutions: Local Integration or Third-country Resettlement. -- 5.6. Conclusions on obligations of protection and support -- 6 Obligations Related to Repatriation and Remedies -- 6.1. Repatriation of victims -- 6.1.1. The Standard of Safe and Preferably Voluntary Return -- 6.1.2. Entitlement to Return -- 6.1.3. Expulsion, Due Process, and the Obligation of Non-refoulement.

6.1.4. Repatriation and Legal Proceedings -- 6.1.5. Alternatives to Repatriation -- 6.1.6. Reintegration of Victims -- 6.2. Access to remedies -- 6.2.1. Obligation to Remedy Violations of Human Rights Law -- 6.2.2. Right to a Remedy for Violence against Women -- 6.2.3. The Right to a Remedy in the Specific Context of Trafficking -- 6.2.4. Standards and Forms of Remedy -- 6.2.5. Information and Other Means of Accessing Remedies -- 7 Obligations of an Effective Criminal Justice Response -- 7.1. The obligation of criminalization -- 7.1.1. The Conduct to be Criminalized -- Applying the International Definition. -- Criminalizing Attempt and Complicity, Liability of Legal Persons. -- Criminalizing Related Conduct. -- Criminalization of the Use of the Services of a Victim of Trafficking. -- 7.1.2. Exercise of Criminal Jurisdiction -- 7.2. Effective investigation, prosecution, and adjudication -- 7.2.1. Practical Application of the Due Diligence Standard -- 7.2.2. Gender in the Investigation, Prosecution, and Adjudication of Trafficking Cases -- 7.2.3. Rights of Suspects and the Right to a Fair Trial -- 7.3. Effective and proportionate sanctions -- 7.3.1. Obligation to Impose Sanctions -- 7.3.2. The Standard: "Effective and Proportionate" Sanctions -- 7.3.3. Aggravated Offenses and Previous Convictions -- 7.4. Asset confiscation and use of confiscated assets -- 7.4.1. Obligation to Seize and Confiscate Proceeds of Trafficking -- 7.4.2. Using Confiscated Assets to Compensate or Support Victims -- 7.5. International cooperation -- 7.5.1. Obligations Related to Extradition -- Making Trafficking an Extraditable Offense. -- Sovereignty, Fair Treatment, and Human Rights in Extradition. -- An Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute? -- 7.5.2. Mutual Legal Assistance in Trafficking Cases -- 7.5.3. Informal Cooperation.

8 Obligations to Prevent Trafficking and Respond Lawfully.