Front Cover -- Potato Biology and Biotechnology Advances and Perspectives -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- List of contributors -- Part I The Markets -- Chapter 1 The Fresh Potato Market -- 1.1 Introduction and Overview -- 1.2 Production -- 1.3 Supply -- 1.4 Demand -- 1.5 Expenditure and Consumption -- 1.6 The Consumers' Views -- 1.6.1 When potatoes are consumed -- 1.7 Prices Paid to Producers -- 1.8 Potatoes and the Health Issue -- 1.8.1 Glycaemic indices -- 1.9 Summary, Conclusions and Future Prospects -- 1.9.1 Key points -- Chapter 2 Global Markets for Processed Potato Products -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Processed Potato Products -- 2.3 History of Potato Processing -- 2.4 Current Dimensions -- 2.4.1 Global production and consumption -- 2.4.2 Trends -- 2.4.3 Drivers -- 2.5 Potato-Processing Companies and Locations -- 2.6 Potato Supply -- 2.6.1 Supply chain -- 2.6.2 Variety requirements -- 2.7 Potato Cost -- 2.7.1 Theory and practice -- 2.7.2 Contracts -- 2.8 Potato Quality -- 2.8.1 Introduction -- 2.8.2 Tuber shape, size and dry matter composition -- 2.8.3 Blemishing diseases and disorders -- 2.8.4 Sugars and fry colours -- 2.9 Current Issues and Future Development -- 2.9.1 Acrylamide -- 2.9.2 Obesity -- 2.9.3 Nutritional value -- Chapter 3 The seed potato market -- 3.1 Seed Tubers -- 3.2 Seed Market -- 3.2.1 'Conventional' seed tubers -- 3.2.2 Mini-tubers -- 3.2.3 True potato seed -- 3.3 Barriers to Markets in Seed Potatoes -- 3.3.1 Quarantine diseases and pests -- 3.3.2 Non-quarantine diseases and pests -- 3.3.3 Breeder's rights -- Part II Genetics and Genetic Resources -- Chapter 4 Molecular Taxonomy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Taxonomic Background -- 4.2.1 Wild and cultivated potatoes -- 4.2.2 The evolutionary framework -- 4.2.3 Remaining taxonomic problems -- 4.3 Molecular Data.

4.3.1 Molecular markers applied to tuber-bearing Solanum spp. -- 4.3.2 Methods of analysis of molecular data sets - phenetic versus cladistic approaches -- 4.3.3 Application of molecular data to the taxonomy of the tuber-bearing Solanum spp. -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Molecular Markers, Maps and Population Genetics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 DNA Marker Types Useful for Potato Genetics -- 5.2.1 Restriction fragment length polymorphism -- 5.2.2 Amplified fragment length polymorphism -- 5.2.3 Simple sequence repeat or microsatellite -- 5.2.4 Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, sequence characterized amplified region and allele-specific amplification -- 5.2.5 Single-nucleotide polymorphism -- 5.3 Principles of Linkage Map Construction -- 5.4 Molecular Maps of Potato -- 5.5 Comparing the Potato with other Plant Genomes -- 5.6 Population Genetics -- Chapter 6 Genetics of Morphological and Tuber Traits -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 The breeder's perspective -- 6.1.2 What is heritable variation? -- 6.1.3 Morphological and tuber traits discussed in this chapter -- 6.2 Classical Potato Genetics with Molecular Techniques -- 6.2.1 The characteristics of classical genetic analysis -- 6.2.2 The characteristics of molecular genetic analysis -- 6.2.3 Quantitative and qualitative genetic approaches -- 6.3 The Genetics of Morphological Traits -- 6.3.1 Tuber flesh colour -- 6.3.2 Tuber skin and flower colour -- 6.3.3 Tuber shape -- 6.3.4 Eye depth -- 6.3.5 Tuber skin characters -- 6.4 Genetics of Tuber Physiology -- 6.4.1 Tuberization -- 6.4.2 Dormancy, sprouting -- 6.5 Tuber Quality Traits -- 6.5.1 Starch content -- 6.5.2 Discolouration -- 6.5.3 Texture -- 6.5.4 Glycoalkaloids -- 6.5.5 Growing defects (hollow hearts, growth cracks, second growth, internal heat necrosis) -- 6.5.6 Tuber size uniformity -- Chapter 7 Genetics of Resistance to Pests and Disease.

7.1 Resistance Screening -- 7.1.1 Field screening -- 7.1.2 Greenhouse screening -- 7.1.3 Laboratory screening -- 7.2 Resistance Genetics in Potato -- 7.2.1 Resistance breeding -- 7.2.2 Resistance genetics based on disease phenotype -- 7.3 Molecular Analysis of Potato Resistance -- 7.3.1 Experimental strategies for gene mapping and cloning -- 7.3.2 Resistance factors mapped in potato -- 7.3.3 Resistance genes cloned and characterized -- 7.3.4 Synteny of resistance loci in Solanaceae -- 7.3.5 Marker-assisted resistance breeding -- Chapter 8 Potato-Breeding Strategy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Evolution of the Modern Potato Crop -- 8.3 Potato Breeding and the Need for New Cultivars -- 8.3.1 Potato breeding -- 8.3.2 Need for new cultivars -- 8.3.3 True potato seed -- 8.4 Adaptation to Environments and End Uses -- 8.4.1 Genotype by environment interactions -- 8.4.2 Ideotypes -- 8.5 Germplasm Available -- 8.5.1 Wild species -- 8.5.2 Cultivated species -- 8.6 Introgression of Genes from Wild Species -- 8.6.1 Sexual and somatic hybridization of S. tuberosum with wild species -- 8.6.2 Molecular-marker-assisted introgression and gene cloning -- 8.6.3 Base broadening versus introgression -- 8.7 Breeding Cultivars at the Tetraploid Level for Clonal Propagation -- 8.7.1 Parents -- 8.7.2 Early generations -- 8.7.3 Intermediate and later generations -- 8.7.4 Genetic knowledge and molecular-marker-assisted selection -- 8.8 Breeding Cultivars for TPS -- 8.9 Genetically Modified Potatoes -- 8.10 Achieving Durable Disease and Pest Resistance -- 8.11 Conclusions -- Chapter 9 Genomics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Characteristics of the Potato Genome -- 9.3 Gene Isolation -- 9.3.1 Early gene cloning and expression studies -- 9.3.2 Map-based gene isolation -- 9.3.3 Use of candidate gene approaches for gene isolation -- 9.4 Structural Genomic Resources.

9.4.1 Large-insert genomic libraries -- 9.4.2 Expressed sequence tag resources -- 9.5 Analysis of Potato Gene Expression -- 9.6 Microarrays -- 9.7 Functional Genomic Resources -- 9.7.1 The phenotype gap -- 9.7.2 Transgenic approaches for the study of gene function -- 9.7.3 Transposon tagging -- 9.7.4 Virus-induced gene silencing -- 9.7.5 Activation tagging -- 9.8 Towards a Genome-Wide Physical Map and a Potato Genome Sequence -- 9.9 Proteomics and Metabolomics -- 9.10 Genomic Databases -- 9.11 Summary -- Chapter 10 Potato Cytogenetics -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Basic Chromosome Number and Polyploid Complexes -- 10.3 Genome and Species Relationships -- 10.3.1 Genomic designation and relationships of diploid potato species -- 10.3.2 Genomic nature and relationships in polyploid potato species -- 10.3.3 Genomic designation and relationships of potato and non-tuber-bearing species from closely related sections Etuberosum, Juglandifolium -- 10.4 Karyotyping of Potato Species -- 10.4.1 Fluorescent in situ hybridization-based cytogenetic mapping -- 10.5 Cytogenetics in Potato Improvement -- Part III Plant Growth and Development -- Chapter 11 Above-Ground and Below-Ground Plant Development -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 General Morphology -- 11.3 Sprout Development -- 11.4 The Shoot System -- 11.5 The Leaves -- 11.6 The Stolon System -- 11.7 The Tubers -- 11.8 Organs of Sexual Reproduction -- 11.9 Root System -- 11.10 Association Between Development of Above-Ground and Below-Ground Plant Parts -- Chapter 12 Signalling the Induction of Tuber Formation -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Historical Background -- 12.2.1 Photoregulation -- 12.3 The Role of Growth Regulators in Controlling Tuberization -- 12.3.1 Gibberellins -- 12.3.2 Cytokinins -- 12.3.3 Lipoxygenase activity and the role of jasmonates -- 12.4 Gene Activity During Early Tuber Formation.

12.5 The Role of Specific Transcription Factors in Tuber Development -- 12.5.1 A MADS box protein that regulates axillary branching and affects tuber formation -- 12.5.2 Transcription factors from the TALE superclass -- 12.5.3 Overexpression of POTH1 negatively regulates GA levels -- 12.5.4 POTH1 protein interacts with seven unique potato BEL transcription factors -- 12.5.5 Over-expression of POTH1 and StBEL5 produces an enhanced capacity to form tubers -- 12.5.6 Mechanism for transcription factors in regulating tuberization -- Chapter 13 Photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and source-sink relations -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism -- 13.2.1 CO2 fixation -- 13.2.2 Carbon partitioning in mesophyll cells -- 13.2.3 Sucrose biosynthesis in source leaves -- 13.3 Starch Metabolism in Source Leaves -- 13.3.1 Starch synthesis within the chloroplast -- 13.3.2 Starch breakdown in leaves -- 13.4 Carbon Export and Long-Distance Transport -- 13.4.1 Pathway from the mesophyll to the phloem -- 13.4.2 Phloem loading -- 13.4.3 Long-distance transport in the phloem -- 13.5 Carbon Unloading into Sink Organs -- 13.5.1 Symplastic and apoplastic routes of unloading -- 13.5.2 Phloem unloading in the tuber -- 13.6 Sucrose to Starch Conversion in the Tuber -- 13.6.1 Production of hexose phosphates in the cytosol -- 13.6.2 Uptake of carbon into the amyloplast -- 13.6.3 Starch synthesis in potato tubers -- 13.7 Source-Sink Regulation by Sugars -- Chapter 14 Dormancy and Sprouting -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Tuber Dormancy Characteristics -- 14.3 Cell Biology of Dormancy -- 14.4 Gene Expression During Dormancy Transition -- 14.5 Hormonal Regulation of Tuber Dormancy -- 14.5.1 Auxins -- 14.5.2 Abscisic acid -- 14.5.3 Ethylene -- 14.5.4 Gibberellins -- 14.5.5 Cytokinins -- 14.5.6 Other endogenous growth substances.

14.5.7 Hormonal regulation of tuber dormancy: an overview.