Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Section 1 : Epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology and causes of transient ischemic attacks and stroke -- Chapter 1: Epidemiology -- Definitions of transient ischemic attack and stroke -- The burden of transient ischemic attack and stroke -- Mortality -- Incidence, prevalence and time trends -- Racial and social factors -- Seasonal and diurnal variation -- References -- Chapter 2: Risk factors -- Non-modifiable risk factors -- Age -- Sex and sex hormones -- Modifiable risk factors -- Blood pressure -- Cigarette smoking -- Diabetes mellitus -- Blood lipids -- Atrial fibrillation -- Cardioembolism -- Obesity and the metabolic syndrome -- Diet -- Exercise -- Alcohol -- Hemostatic variables -- Hematocrit -- Infections and inflammation -- Homocysteinemia -- Non-stroke vascular disease -- Other possible associations -- References -- Chapter 3: Genetics -- Genetic risk factors for "sporadic" stroke -- Candidate gene studies -- Linkage studies -- Whole genome association studies -- Association with intermediate phenotypes -- Inherited disorders -- Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy -- Hereditary dyslipidemias -- Connective tissue disease -- Fabry's disease -- Cardiac disorders -- Mitochondrial disorders -- Hematological disorders -- References -- Chapter 4: Anatomy and physiology -- The anatomy of the cerebral circulation -- Collateral blood supply to the brain -- Venous drainage -- The regulation of cerebral blood flow -- Cerebral blood flow and blood gas tensions -- Cerebral blood flow and brain function -- Cerebral blood flow, perfusion pressure and autoregulation -- Cerebral perfusion reserve -- Cerebral blood flow, hypertension and stroke -- References -- Chapter 5: Pathophysiology of acute cerebral ischemia.

Mechanisms of cerebral ischemia -- Excitotoxicity -- Depolarization -- Inflammation -- Apoptosis -- The ischemic penumbra and the therapeutic time window -- Recanalization and reperfusion -- Ischemic cerebral edema -- Diaschisis -- Pathophysiology of acute intracerebral hemorrhage -- References -- Chapter 6: Causes of transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke -- Large vessel disease and atherothromboembolism -- Stroke mechanisms related to large artery atherosclerosis -- Plaque activation and stroke risk -- Cholesterol embolization syndrome -- Small vessel disease and leukoaraiosis -- Small vessel disease -- Leukoaraiosis -- Cardioembolism -- Coronary artery disease -- Infective endocarditis -- Non-bacterial thrombotic or marantic endocarditis -- Prosthetic heart valves -- Mitral leaflet prolapse -- Calcification of the aortic and mitral valves -- Paradoxical embolism and patent foramen ovale -- Atrial septal aneurysm -- Cardiac myxomas -- Dilating cardiomyopathies -- Cardiac surgery -- Sinoatrial disease -- Instrumentation of the coronary arteries and aorta -- Arterial dissection and trauma -- Arterial dissection -- Intracranial arterial dissection -- Aortic arch dissection -- Trauma -- Rare arterial disorders -- Fibromuscular dysplasia -- Congenital arterial anomalies -- Congenital carotid loops -- Moyamoya syndrome -- Embolism from intra- and extracranial arterial aneurysms -- Irradiation -- Inflammatory vascular disease -- Giant cell arteritis -- Systemic lupus erythematosus -- Antiphospholipid syndrome -- Primary systemic vasculitis -- Rheumatoid disease -- Sjögren's syndrome -- Behçet's disease -- Relapsing polychondritis -- Progressive systemic sclerosis -- Sarcoid angiitis -- Primary vasculitis of the central nervous system -- Takayasu's disease -- Buerger's disease -- Malignant atrophic papulosis.

Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy -- Hematological disorders -- Thrombophilias -- Leukemia and lymphoma -- Polycythemia -- Essential thrombocythemia -- Sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies -- Iron-deficiency anemia -- Paraproteinemias -- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria -- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura -- Disseminated intravascular coagulation -- Miscellaneous rare causes -- Pregnancy and the puerperium -- Migraine -- Cancer -- Perioperative stroke -- Recreational drugs -- Chronic meningitis -- Inflammatory bowel disease -- Mitochondrial cytopathy -- Fabry's disease -- Homocystinuria -- Hypoglycemia -- Fat embolism -- Fibrocartilaginous embolism -- Snake bite -- Susac's syndrome -- References -- Chapter 7: Causes of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage -- Primary intracerebral hemorrhage -- Cerebral microbleeds -- Primary intraventricular hemorrhage -- Subdural hemorrhage -- Hypertension -- Cerebral amyloid angiopathy -- Intracranial vascular malformations -- Arteriovenous malformations -- Venous malformations -- Cavernous malformations -- Telangiectasias -- Caroticocavernous fistula -- References -- Section 2 : Clinical features, diagnosis and investigation -- Chapter 8: Clinical features and differential diagnosis of a transient ischemic attack -- Symptoms and ischemic territory -- Mechanisms of ischemia -- Signs -- Differential diagnosis and mimics of transient ischemic attacks -- Migraine with aura -- Epilepsy -- Intracranial structural lesions -- Transient global amnesia -- Vestibular dysfunction -- Delirium or toxic confusional state -- Syncope and presyncope -- Other neurological disorders -- Cryptogenic drop attacks -- Psychogenic attacks -- Isolated transient focal neurological disturbance of uncertain significance -- References.

Chapter 9: The clinical features and differential diagnosis of acute stroke -- Diagnosis of stroke -- Determining the site of the lesion -- Total anterior circulation syndrome -- Partial anterior circulation syndrome -- Lacunar syndrome -- Posterior circulation syndrome -- Thalamic stroke -- Cerebellar strokes -- Boundary zone infarcts -- Miscellaneous clinical features -- Cranial nerves -- Headache -- Movement disorders -- Determining the cause of the stroke pathophysiological mechanism -- TOAST classification -- Determining the cause of the stroke clues from the history -- Gradual onset -- Precipitating factors -- Headache -- Epileptic seizures -- Malaise -- Chest pain -- Vascular risk factors -- Drugs -- Injury -- Self-audible bruits -- Past medical history -- Previous strokes and/or transient ischemic attacks -- Family history -- Determining the cause of stroke clues from the examination -- Neurological examination -- Eyes -- Arterial pulses -- Cervical bruits -- Cardiac examination -- Fever -- Other indications -- References -- Chapter 10: Brain imaging in transient ischemic attack and minor stroke -- The identification of non-neurovascular diagnoses -- Brain imaging after transient ischemic attack and minor stroke: The Oxford Vascular Study (OXVASC) -- The identification of infarction and hemorrhage -- Rates of hemorrhage in transient ischemic attack and minor stroke -- Microbleeds and transient ischemic attack and minor stroke -- Imaging diagnosis and prognostication -- References -- Chapter 11: Brain imaging in major acute stroke -- Computed tomography and conventional magnetic resonance imaging -- Hemorrhage -- Ischemic changes -- Gradient-echo and primary intracerebral imaging hemorrhage -- Diffusion-weighted imaging -- Diffusion and perfusion imaging and the ischemic penumbra -- Perfusion computed tomography.

Radiological selection of patients for thrombolysis -- References -- Chapter 12: Vascular imaging in transient ischemic attack and stroke -- Catheter angiography -- Catheter angiography versus non-invasive imaging -- Duplex sonography -- Computed tomography angiography and perfusion imaging -- Magnetic resonance angiography and perfusion imaging -- Imaging the posterior circulation -- Transcranial Doppler sonography -- References -- Chapter 13: Non-radiological investigations for transient ischemic attack and stroke -- First-line investigations -- Second-line investigations -- Cardiac investigations -- References -- Section 3 : Prognosis of transient ischemic attack and stroke -- Chapter 14: Methods of determining prognosis -- Why study prognosis? -- Why predict an individuals prognosis? -- What is a prognostic model? -- How to measure prognosis -- Developing a prognostic model -- How to derive a simple risk score -- Validation of a prognostic model or score -- References -- Chapter 15: Short-term prognosis after transient ischemic attack and minor stroke -- Early risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke -- Identification of high-risk patients simple risk scores -- Risk of recurrence by vascular territory -- Risk by underlying pathology -- Imaging and prognosis -- References -- Chapter 16: Short-term prognosis after major stroke -- Mortality -- Disability and dependency -- Early deterioration after ischemic stroke neurological factors -- Hemorrhage into cerebral infarcts or hemorrhagic transformation -- Peri-infarct edema -- Propagating thrombosis -- Recurrent embolization -- Epileptic seizures -- Early deterioration after ischemic stroke systemic factors -- References -- Chapter 17: Long-term prognosis after transient ischemic attack and stroke -- Medium- and long-term stroke risks after a transient ischemic attack.

Medium- and long-term stroke risks after stroke.