Front Cover -- Biofuels: Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Section I: General -- Chapter 1: Principles of Biorefining -- 1. Introduction -- 2. From fossil to biomass raw materials -- 3. Biomass processing in biorefinery -- 4. Lignocellulosic molecular components and their derivatives -- 5. Biorefinery to replace existing fossil bulk chemicals -- 6. Biorefinery to produce alternative products -- 7. Next research outlook -- References -- Chapter 2: Life-Cycle Assessment of Biofuels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The concept of LCA and its application to biofuels -- 3. Methodology and assumptions -- 4. Case study: bioethanol from wheat -- 5. Results -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Feedstocks for biofuels -- 3. Composition of lignocellulosic biomass -- 4. Lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment techniques -- 5. Biotechnological conversion -- 6. Thermochemical conversion -- 7. Bio-refineries and biofuels -- 8. Typical issues for life-cycle analysis -- 9. Perspectives and challenges -- References -- Chapter 4: Biomass-derived Syngas Fermentation into Biofuels -- 1. Background -- 2. Fundamental aspects of syngas fermentation -- 3. Microbiology of syngas fermentation -- 4. Syngas characteristics -- 5. Current developments in syngas fermentation -- 6. Factors affecting syngas fermentation -- 7. Industrial-scale syngas fermentation -- 8. Challenges and future research directions -- 9. Summary -- References -- Section II: Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks -- Chapter 5: Lignocellulosic Bioethanol: Current Status and Future Perspectives -- 1. Introduction -- 2. First-generation fuel ethanol production: the feedstock and the process and their constraints.

3. Second-generation ethanol production -- 4. Feasibility of lignocellulosic ethanol production -- 5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Technoeconomic Analysis of Lignocellulosic Ethanol -- 1. Introduction -- 2. State of the art -- 3. Key drivers of the lignocellulosic ethanol production cost -- 4. Cost management system -- 5. Current economic evaluation of lignocellulosic bioethanol: some limitations -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Pretreatment Technologies for Lignocellulose-to-Bioethanol Conversion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Toxic Compounds Generated During Pretreatment -- 3. Pretreatment processes -- 4. Biological pretreatments -- 5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Additional Resources -- Chapter 8: Production of Celluloytic Enzymes for the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulase: mode of action -- 3. Cellulase systems and the control of cellulase gene expression -- 4. Cellulase producers -- 5. Pretreatment -- 6. Bioprocesses for cellulase production -- 7. Applications of cellulases -- 8. Cellulase market scenario -- 9. Engineered/artificial cellulases -- 10. Future perspectives -- 11. Challenges -- 12. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Production of Hemicellulolytic Enzymes for Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure of hemicellulose -- 3. Hemicellulases -- 4. Endoxylanases -- 5. β-d-xylosidases -- 6. α-Arabinofuranosidases -- 7. Acetylxylan esterases -- 8. α-d-Glucuronidases -- 9. Mannanases -- 10. Methods for assay of hemicellulolytic activity -- 11. Domain organization of hemicellulases -- 12. Multiplicity of hemicellulases -- 13. Functional genomics approach for studying hemicellulases -- 14. Enzyme production -- 15. Applications of hemicellulases -- References -- Chapter 10: Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production.

1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical hydrolysis -- 3. Enzymatic hydrolysis -- 4. Separate and simultaneous hydrolysis -- 5. Factors affecting enzymatic hydrolysis -- 6. Recycling of enzymes -- 7. Methods for improving enzymatic hydrolysis -- 8. Kinetic model for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Production of Bioethanol from Agroindustrial Residues as Feedstocks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lignocellulosic biomass -- 3. Pretreatment -- 4. Saccharification -- 5. Fermentation -- 6. Energy production using agroindustrial residues -- 7. Case studies -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Fermentation Inhibitors in Ethanol Processes and Different Strategies to Reduce Their Effects -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Common inhibitors for ethanol production -- 3. Formation of inhibitors in lignocelluloses hydrolyzates -- 4. Strategies for minimizing the effects of inhibitors -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Section IIIA: Production of biodiesel from vegetable oils -- Chapter 13: Biotechnological Methods to Produce Biodiesel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Enzymatic transesterification -- 3. Enzymatic esterification -- 4. Hydroesterification -- 5. Reactor configurations -- 6. Economic evaluation of enzymatic biodiesel production -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Biodiesel Production in Supercritical Fluids -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Supercritical fluid reaction -- 3. Biodiesel production in non-catalytic supercritical fluid reaction -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Production of Biodiesel Using Palm Oil -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Palm biodiesel conversion technology -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biodiesel -- 3. Waste oils -- 4. Technical aspect of bd production from waste oils.

5. Feasibility and economic analyses on bd production from waste oils -- 6. Concluding remarks and future prospects -- References -- Section IIIB: Production of biofuels from algae -- Chapter 17: Production of Biodiesel from Algal Biomass: Current Perspectives and Future -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Two approaches leading to lipid accumulation in microalgae -- 3. Efforts to further reduce costs of mass culture of heterotrophic microalgae in search for cheap substitutes of glucose -- 4. The scaleup of heterotrophic microalgal biomass production -- 5. Progresses in lipid analysis -- 6. The conversion of algal biomass to biodiesel -- 7. The quality and economic analysis of algal biodiesel -- 8. Concluding remark and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 18: Overview and Assessment of Algal Biofuels Production Technologies -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Autotrophic production technologies -- 3. Heterotrophic and mixotrophic production -- 4. Harvesting and processing of algal biomass -- 5. Challenges in large-scale cultivation of algae -- 6. Resource constraints for mass production of microalgae -- 7. Energy analysis -- 8. Life-cycle assessment -- 9. Future perspectives: challenges and opportunities -- References -- Chapter 19: Cultivation of Algae in Photobioreactors for Biodiesel Production -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic concepts of photobioreactor engineering -- 3. Modeling of microalgae cultivation systems -- 4. Productivity of microalgal cultivation systems -- 5. Engineering parameters governing photobioreactor productivity -- 6. Existing technology -- References -- Section IV: Production of biohydrogen -- Chapter 20: Production of Biohydrogen Current Perspectives and Future Prospects -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Feedstock -- 3. Economics of biohydrogen production -- 4. Future prospects and challenge -- 5. Conclusions -- References.

Chapter 21: Biohydrogen Production from Bio-oil -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reforming of bio-oil -- 3. Water-gas shift reaction of syngas -- 4. Purification of biohydrogen and storage -- 5. Steam requirement for biohydrogen production -- 6. Harvesting and processing of forest biomass -- 7. Capital cost of bio-oil production plant -- 8. Operating cost of bio-oil plant -- 9. Production cost of bio-oil -- 10. Cost of bio-oil reforming -- 12. Bio-oil-based biohydrogen cost -- References -- Chapter 22: Biohydrogen Production from Industrial Effluents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biological routes of H2 production -- 3. Biocatalyst -- 4. Renewable wastewater -- 5. Factors influencing H2 production -- 6. Combined process efficiency -- 7. Process limitations -- 8. Strategies to enhance process efficiency -- 9. Future outlook -- References -- Chapter 23: Thermophilic Biohydrogen Production -- 1. Background -- 2. Thermodynamic aspects -- 3. Biochemical pathways and microbiology -- 4. effect of process conditions -- 5. Practical applications -- 6. Challenges, possibilities, and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 24: Biohydrogen Production with High-Rate Bioreactors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Integrated Continuously stirred tank reactors -- 3. Anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor -- 4. Packed-bed Reactors -- 5. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors -- 6. Photobioreactors -- 7. Microbial electrolysis cells -- 8. Comparison of various biohydrogen reactor systems -- 9. Challenges and future implications -- 10. Conclusions -- References -- Section V: Production of biobutanol and other green fuels -- Chapter 25: Butanol Fuel from Biomass Revisiting ABE Fermentation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Butanol production by clostridia: the abe fermentation -- 3. Sporulation and solventogenesis: the scope for decoupling.

4. Metabolic engineering approaches to improve abe fermentation.