Front Cover -- Handbook of Bilogical Control -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- PART I: INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1. Scope and Significance of Biological Control -- Introduction -- Principles and Processes -- Agents, Biology, and Methods -- Applications -- References -- Chapter 2. Theories and Mechanisms of Natural Population Regulation -- Introduction -- Single-Species Populations -- Interspecific Competition -- Host-Parasitoid Systems -- Host-Pathogen Systems -- Multispecies Systems -- References -- PART II: PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES -- Chapter 3. Taxonomy and Biological Control -- Introduction -- Taxonomy: The Historical Perspective -- Contributions of Biological Control to Taxonomy -- Sources of Taxonomic Expertise -- Literature, Reference Collections, and Voucher Specimens -- Modern Systematic Tools and Techniques -- References -- Chapter 4. Molecular Methods in Classical Biological Control -- Introduction and Rationale -- Molecular Markers -- Applications in Biological Control -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. Exploration for Natural Enemies -- Introduction -- Areas for Search -- Risk Assessment and Evaluation of Natural Enemy Potential -- Planning, Preparation, and Execution of a Foreign Collecting Trip -- References -- Chapter 6. Quarantine -- Introduction -- Establishing Quarantine Facilities -- Quarantine Procedures -- Personnel -- References -- Chapter 7. Culture and Colonization -- Culture of Hosts for Entomophagous Arthropods -- Culture of Entomophagous Arthropods -- Colonization of Entomophagous Arthropods -- Addendum -- References -- Chapter 8. Life Table Construction and Analysis for Evaluating Biological Control Agents -- Introduction -- Definitions and Data Collection -- Assessing Quantitative Impact of Natural Enemies -- Determining Ecological Roles of Natural Enemies.

Experimental Designs for Life Table Studies -- Applications to Categories of Natural Enemies Other Than Parasitoids -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. Evaluation of Biological Control with Experimental Methods -- Introduction -- Evaluation Techniques -- Exclusion or Inclusion Techniques -- Assay Techniques -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. Evaluation of Results -- Introduction -- Naturally Occurring Biological Control -- Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Classical Biological Control -- Justifying the Need for Biological Control -- Perceived Risk -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11. Periodic Release and Manipulation of Natural Enemies -- Introduction -- Augmentation -- Conservation -- Monitoring -- Rearing -- In Vitro Rearing -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Genetic Improvement and Other Genetic Considerations for Improving the Efficacy and Success Rate of Biological Control -- Introduction -- Category 1: Biological Control by Restoring a Natural Balance -- Category 2: Biological Control of Secondary Pests -- Category 3: Biological Control of Weeds and Pests in Novel or Disturbed Environments -- Genetic Considerations for Improved Success Rates in Biological Control -- Limited Opportunity for Genetic Improvement in Category 1 Cases of Biological Control -- Relevance of Genetic Variability in Category 1 Weeds to Their Suitability for Biological Control -- Improving Efficacy of Natural Enemies for Category 1 Weeds -- Genetic Improvement of Natural Enemies of Secondary Pests (Category 2) -- Genetic Improvement Opportunities Where the Natural Enemy Is Confronted with One or More Novel Conditions in the Environment (Category 3) -- The Scope of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering for Improving the Success Rate of Biological Control -- References -- Chapter 13. Enhanced Biological Control through Pesticide Selectivity.

Introduction -- Effects of Pesticides on Natural Enemies -- Consequences of Disrupting Biological Control -- Techniques to Reduce the Negative Impact of Chemicals on Natural Enemies -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Environmental Management to Enhance Biological Control in Agroecosystems -- Introduction -- Classification of Agroecosystems -- Modes of Environmental Management -- Mechanisms of Enemy Enhancements -- Theoretical Aspects of Environmental Management -- Conclusions -- References -- PART III: AGENTS, BIOLOGY, AND METHODS -- Chapter 15. Biology of Parasitic Hymenoptera -- Introduction -- Parasitic Hymenoptera Important in Biological Control -- Principal Aspects of Parasitoid Biology -- Ecology of Parasitic Hymenoptera -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 16. Terrestrial Arthropod Predators of Insect and Mite Pests -- Introduction -- Subphylum Chelicerata -- Subphylum Uniramia -- Conclusions -- References -- Capter 17. Arthropods and Vertebrates in Biological Control of Plants -- Introduction -- Effects of Herbivory on Weedy Plants -- Taxa Used in Biological Control -- Attributes and Safety of Control Agents -- Agent Selection -- References -- Chapter 18. A Perspective on Pathogens as Biological Control Agents for Insect Pests -- Introduction -- Viruses -- Bacteria -- Fungi -- Protozoa -- Nematodes -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19. Cross-Protection and Systemic Acquired Resistance for Control of Plant Diseases -- Introduction -- Comparison of Cross-Protection and Systemic Acquired Resistance -- Systemic Acquired Resistance -- Cross-Protection -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20. Genetic Mechanisms for Engineering Host Resistance to Plant Viruses -- Introduction -- Engineered Viral Resistance Strategies -- Transgenic Plant Performance -- Regulation and Risk Assessment -- Prospects -- References.

Chapter 21. Bacillus thuringiensis in Biological Control -- Introduction -- General Biology of Bacillus thuringiensis -- Insecticidal Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis -- Major B.t. Pathotypes -- Commercial Products Based on Bacillus -- Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticides -- Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Crops -- References -- Chapter 22. Nutrition of Entomophagous Insects and Other Arthropods -- Introduction -- Food Utilization -- Developmental Nutritional Requirements -- Feeding and Nutrition of Adult Entomophagous Species -- In Vitro Culture of Parasitoids -- In vitro Culture of Predators -- Continuous Artificial Mass Culture -- Current Applications -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 23. Sex Ratio and Quality in the Culturing of Parasitic Hymenoptera: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective -- Introduction -- Sex Determination -- Sex-Ratio Distorting Factors -- Sex Ratio in Heteronomous Parasitoids -- Postcopulation Fertilization Lags -- Multiple Copulations -- Temperature and Photoperiod -- Sex Allocation -- Sex Ratio and Variation in Fitness -- Local Parental Control and Variation in Fitness-Host Size -- Clutch Size and Sex Ratio -- Sex Ratio of Polyembryonic Wasps -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 24. Evolution of Pesticide Resistance in Natural Enemies -- Introduction -- Hypotheses and Evidence -- Summary and Implications -- References -- Chapter 25. Hypovirulence to Control Fungal Pathogenesis -- Introduction -- Searching for the Cause of Hypovirulence -- Hypoviruses -- Biological Control -- Treating Chestnut Trees with Hypovirulent Strains -- References -- PART IV: APPLICATIONS -- Chapter 26. Controlling Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens -- Introduction -- Root Pathogens and Their Biological Control Agents -- Microbial and Habitat Characteristics -- Control of Soil Borne Plant Pathogens.

Developing and Using Beneficial Species -- References -- Chapter 27. Biological Control in Subtropical and Tropical Crops -- Introduction -- Citrus -- Olive -- Avocado -- Tea -- Coffee -- Coconut -- Banana -- References -- Chapter 28. Biological Control in Deciduous Fruit Crops -- Introduction -- Biological Control of Secondary Pests -- Biological Control of Direct, Primary, and Sporadic Pests -- Introduction of Exotic Biological Control Agents -- Summary of Status of Biological Control of Deciduous -- References -- Chapter 29. Biological Control of Forest Insects -- Introduction -- Importation of Natural Enemies -- Augmentation of Natural Enemies -- Conservation of Natural Enemies -- Biological Control Organizations in Forestry -- Case Histories -- References -- Chapter 30. Enhancement of Biological Control in Annual Agricultural Environments -- Introduction -- Ecological Characteristics and Faunal Colonization -- Natural Control in Transient Crops -- Classical Biological Control -- Inundative and Augmentative Releases -- Interactions of Biological Control with Other IPM -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 31. Glasshouse Environments -- Introduction -- Vegetable Crops -- Factors Conducive to the Use of Biological Control in Vegetables -- Control of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite -- Control of Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes -- Control of Leafminers Using Parasites -- Control of Aphids with Parasitoids and Predators -- Control of Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci, and Western -- Ornamental Crops -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 32. Foliar, Flower, and Fruit Pathogens -- Introduction -- Pathogens and Their Biological Control Agents -- Habitat and Agent Characteristics -- Biological Control of Plant Pathogens -- Developing and Using Beneficial Species -- References -- Chapter 33. Biological Control of Insects and Mites on Grapes -- Introduction.

Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests.