Figures and Table -- Preface -- Transliteration and Abbreviations -- Chapter 1. Sources of Egyptian Biomedical Knowledge -- Magic and Processes of Science -- Egyptological Sources of Evidence -- Biological Sources of Evidence -- Ethnographic Sources of Evidence -- Chapter 2. Life and Death -- Egyptian Priests' Preoccupations with Problems of Death and Rebirth -- Textual Sources and Portrayals -- Rituals and Concepts -- Ka as a Concept Underlying Ritual -- Animal Associations with Life -- Animal Associations with Death -- Conclusions -- Chapter 3. Predynastic Egypt as 'Cattle Culture' -- Bos primigenius andWild Bull Hunts -- Cattle Domestication and Milk Drinking -- Pharaoh as Bull, People as Cattle -- Sun and Gods as Bulls -- Bovine Gods of Fertility and Power: Living Bull Gods -- Some Comparisons -- Bovine Sacrifice -- Egyptian Temple Herds and Cattle Wealth -- Baboons as Bulls -- Conclusions -- Chapter 4. The Approach of Comparative Biomedicine -- Analogy and Biomedical Progress -- Animal Dissections in Egypt -- Continuing Importance of Comparative Biomedicine -- TheMicrobiological Revolution -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5. 'Live Flesh': Rudiments of Muscle Physiology -- Motion and Irritability as Evidences of Life -- Opening-of-the-Mouth Ritual -- Laboratory Reenactment -- Ka as the Animating Principle -- Comparison of Ka to Nilotic Ring -- Other Comparisons -- Conclusions -- Chapter 6. Physiology of the Spine -- Spine and Life -- Keeping the Body Intact -- BoneMarrow and Life -- Particular Importance of Thoracic Vertebrae -- Meaning of Ankh -- Theories about Ankh's Origin -- † as Thoracic Vertebra -- Clinical Proof -- Spine and Death -- Mtwt and a Physiological Analogy between Opposites -- Comparative Findings -- The Principal Supporting Vertebrae for the Body -- Djed and Backbone -- ∏ as the Sacral and Lumbar Spine.

Other Theories of Djed's Origin Subsumed -- Comparative Observations -- Conclusions -- Chapter 7. The Male Reproductive System -- The Male's Role in Reproduction -- The Was-Scepter, Penis and Dominion -- Dominion as a Behavioral and Social Phenomenon -- Baboons and Sexual Exercise of Dominion -- Gods' Penises and Dominion -- Penis Analogs -- ¶ as Bull's Penis -- Additional Biological Evidence -- The Ancient Egyptian Mindset -- † ∏ ¶ as the Male Reproductive System -- Semen Analogs -- Conclusions -- Chapter 8. The Egyptian Healing Establishment -- Egyptian Healers -- Some Comparisons With Greece -- Per Ankh, Hut Ankh and Their Functions -- Some Comparisons With Greece -- The Kahun Veterinary Papyrus -- Conclusions -- Chapter 9. Egyptian Biomedical Science: Theories and Implications -- Structure of the Body -- Functions of Organs -- The Egyptians' Synthesis: A First Approximation -- Pathogenesis -- Comparative Reproductive Physiology and Medicine -- A Further Word about Materials and Methods -- Boundaries to Biomedical Innovation -- A Natural Laboratory -- Episodic Biomedical Progress -- Secrecy and 'Turfs' as Antiscience -- Chance Observations and the Prepared Mind -- Conclusions -- Epilogue. Broader Implications of Healing in a Fused or Integrated Society -- Integrated Societies Revisited -- Broader Implications of the Boundaries-Bull Model -- Some Final Thoughts -- References -- General Index.