LONG LIFE AND QUIET PAVEMENT: RESEARCH AND ISSUES -- LONG LIFE AND QUIET PAVEMENT: RESEARCH AND ISSUES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 THE LITTLE BOOK OF QUIETER PAVEMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- Why was this Book Written? -- Who is this Book Written for? -- How Can I Listen along? -- THE BIG PICTURE -- Why is Noise so Important? -- Where did All this Talk of Noise Begin? -- THE BASICS OF SOUND AND NOISE -- What is Sound and What is Noise? -- How do We Hear? -- What is a Decibel? -- What is the Difference between Lmax and Leq and L10 and...? -- What is a Hertz? -- What Frequencies Matter? -- How do We View and Understand Frequencies? -- How does Sound Travel? -- How is Sound Perceived? -- TRAFFIC NOISE -- What is Traffic Noise? -- What Effect does Vehicle Type and Speed Have? -- What other Things Affect Traffic Noise? -- How Can We Control Traffic Noise? -- When is a Noise Barrier Used? -- TIRE-PAVEMENT NOISE -- What Things about A Tire Affect Noise? -- What Things about a Pavement Affect Noise? -- What Makes Tire-Pavement Noise? -- What Makes Tire-Pavement Noise Even Louder? -- MEASUREMENTS -- What are Wayside Noise Measurements? -- What are Source Noise Measurements? -- What other Kind of Noise Measurements are There? -- What Kind of Pavement Properties Relate to Noise? -- Can Noise be Measured in the Laboratory? -- QUIETER PAVEMENTS -- What Things Make a Quieter Pavement? -- What Asphalt Alternatives for Quieter Pavement are There? -- What Concrete Alternatives for Quieter Pavement are There? -- How do I Choose a Quieter Pavement? -- FOR MORE INFORMATION -- Where can I read to learn more? -- What are Some Good Web Sites? -- Who are We? -- What Can I Find in the Listening Experience? -- Chapter 2 LONG-LIFE CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN EUROPE AND CANADA -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY -- Scanning Program -- Scan Reports -- Safety.

Planning and Environment -- Policy and Information -- Operations -- Infrastructure-General -- Infrastructure-Pavements -- Infrastructure-Bridges -- ABBREVIATIONS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Team Members -- Objectives -- Issues of Interest -- Key Findings -- Pavement Selection Strategies -- Design -- Construction -- Materials -- Maintenance -- Research -- Industry Relations -- Recommendations -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- Purpose of Scan -- Background -- Countries Building Long-Life Concrete Pavements -- Countries and Agencies Visited -- Comparison of Countries Visited with United States -- 2. PAVEMENT SELECTION STRATEGIES -- Canada -- Germany -- Austria -- Belgium -- The Netherlands -- United Kingdom -- 3. CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN -- Canada -- Germany -- Austria -- Belgium -- The Netherlands -- United Kingdom -- 4. CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION -- Canada -- Germany -- Austria -- Belgium -- The Netherlands -- United Kingdom -- 5. CEMENT AND CONCRETE -- Canada -- Germany -- Austria -- Belgium -- The Netherlands -- 6. MAINTENANCE PRACTICES -- Canada -- Germany -- Austria -- Belgium -- The Netherlands -- 7. RESEARCH, TRAINING, AND COOPERATION -- Canada -- Germany -- Austria -- Belgium -- The Netherlands -- United Kingdom -- European Union -- 8. KEY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Key Findings -- Pavement Selection Strategies -- Design -- Construction -- Materials -- Maintenance -- Research -- Industry Relations -- Recommendations -- APPENDIX A. AMPLIFYING QUESTIONS -- APPENDIX B. HOST CONTACT INFORMATION -- Canada -- Germany -- Austria -- Belgium -- The Netherlands -- Switzerland -- United Kingdom -- APPENDIX C. TEAM MEMBERS -- Contact information -- Biographic Sketches -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE COMPUTED PARAMETER: MOISTURE CONTENT -- FOREWORD -- LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION.

2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW -- Overview of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) -- Interpretation of TDR Trace -- Previous Computation Methodology of Dielectric Constant -- Previous Methodology for Determination of in situ Volumetric Moisture Content -- Calculation of Gravimetric Moisture Content -- CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH APPROACH -- Solution Methodology (Step 1) -- Determination and Calibration of Soil Component Dielectric Constants (Step 2) -- Forward Computation of Water Content and Dry Density (Step 3) -- Validation -- 4. COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT -- Overview of the LTPP Micromoist Program -- Program Algorithm -- Inflection Point Determination -- Calculation of Dielectric Constant, Reflectivity, and Conductivity -- Calculation of Moisture Content and Dry Density -- Development of the Calibration Table -- Calculation of Dielectric Data from Manual TDR Traces -- Sources of Ground Truth Dry Density and Moisture Content -- Adjustment of Dry Density -- Step 1. Soil Component Volume and Porosity Calculation -- Step 2. Adjust Porosities, Densities, Volumes of Soil Components Based on Depth -- Step 3. Air volume check and dry density adjustment -- Calculation of Calibrated Values -- Micromoist Input and Output Data Table -- Input Tables -- Output Tables -- 5. PARAMETER COMPUTATION AND QUALITY REVIEW -- Internal Program Quality Control Features -- Shift Zone in Trend Line between Dielectric Constant And Moisture Content -- Soil-Water Characteristic Curve -- Recalibration for Shift Zone -- Post-Processing Quality Control Review -- Estimate of Error -- 6. LTPP DATABASE DELIVERY -- 7. DATA OBSERVATIONS -- Comparison between New and Existing Data -- Frost Effects -- Sources of Error in Calibration Data -- 8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- Investigate the Effects of Soil Suction on the Composite Dielectric Constant.

Investigate the Use of Conductivity and Reflectivity -- Investigate Repeatability of TDR Traces -- Sensitivity of Micromoist Program Output to Variation in Input Values -- 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX A. TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATION -- Maxwell's Equations -- Conservation Law of Electric Charge -- Constitutive Relations -- Maxwell's Equations for Time-Harmonic Fields -- Uniform Plane Waves in Free Space -- Transmission Line Equation of Coaxial Transmission Line -- Coaxial Lines -- Transverse Electric and Magnetic (Tem) Mode in a Coaxial Line -- Transformation Rules for Transmission Lines -- Transmission Line Equation -- APPENDIX B. CHARACTERIZATION OF ERROR IN THE SID -- APPENDIX C. MICROMOIST USER'S MANUAL -- Introduction to the Program -- Getting Started in the Program -- System Requirements -- Installing and Running the Program -- Program Features -- Raw TDR Trace Data -- TDR Depth Records -- TDR Calibration Records -- Starting the Program -- TDR Program Menus -- Output Table after Running Program -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE COMPUTED PARAMETER: FROST PENETRATION -- FOREWORD -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- Background -- Importance of Frost Penetration Information -- Seasonal Monitoring Program -- Project Objective and Scope -- Report Overview -- 2. REVIEW OF LTPP FROST PROCEDURES AND ASSESSMENT OF PREVIOUS ESTIMATES -- LTPP SMP Directives and Experiment Design -- Electrical Resistivity Measurements -- Moisture Measurements -- Temperature Measurements -- Initial LTPP Frost Interpretation Methodology -- Previous LTPP Frost Estimates -- Limited ER data availability -- Fluctuations in ER Values -- Noncontinuous Frost Regions -- LTPP Data Review Conclusions -- 3. REVIEW OF ADVANCES IN THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE IN FROST PENETRATION ANALYSIS -- In-Situ Moisture Content from TDR Measurements.

Example Using Moisture Data in Frost Analysis -- Enhanced Integrated Climatic Model -- Example Using EICM model to predict missing temperature -- 4. ENHANCED METHODOLOGY FOR LTPP FROST DETERMINATION -- Overview -- Determination of Freezing Isotherm -- Determination of Freeze State -- Freeze-thaw processes -- Freeze state assignment -- Thermodynamic Modeling of Subsurface Temperatures -- Cautionary Note -- LTPP Frost Penetration Analysis Procedure -- Additional Analysis Rules -- Data Normalization and Interpolation -- Quality Control/Quality Assurance Process -- Spatial and Temporal Checks -- Trend reasonableness check -- Analysis results database checks -- 5. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENHANCED FROST ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY -- Updates to Frost Program -- E-Frost Overview -- Enhancements to LTPP Frost Interactive Procedure -- Changes from SMP II Experiment -- Enhanced Frost Algorithm -- E-FROST Symbol Color Codes and Shapes for the Decision Tree -- Frost Penetration Analysis Example -- Step 1. Prepare E-FROST Inputs Database -- Step 2. Generate an "AutoFrost" Freeze State Profile -- Step 3. Review ER, Moisture, and Temperature Trends -- Step 4. Generate and Review Frost Penetration Profile -- Step 5. Calculate Frost Depth Using Freeze State Information -- Limitations of Transitional Freeze State Estimates -- 6. LTPP DATA USED FOR FROST DETERMINATION -- Data Required for E-Frost Analysis -- Data Required for EICM Analysis -- Analysis Database Summary -- 7. FROST PENETRATION ANALYSIS RESULTS -- Data Analysis Summary -- Frost Observations -- Severity of Frost Penetration -- Frost Penetration Profile Characteristics -- Comparison with Historical Non-LTPP Frost Data -- Comparison with Previous LTPP Frost Estimates -- LTPP Frost Data Table Descriptions -- 8. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Summary -- Recommendations for Future Research.

Future E-FROST Development to Support M-E PDG Implementation.