COMMUNICATIONS, RADAR AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE -- Contents -- Preface -- Glossary -- Part One: Basic Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Aim of this Book -- 1.2 Current Radio Technology -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Military Communications -- 1.2.3 Quasi-Military Type Operations -- 1.2.4 Civilian Communications -- 1.2.5 Cross-Over Technologies -- 1.3 Factors Constraining Radio Communications -- 1.3.1 The Basic Radio Link -- 1.3.2 Useful Conversion Formulae -- 1.3.3 Environmental Factors -- 1.3.4 Fading in Radio Systems -- References and Further Reading -- 2 Management of the Radio Spectrum -- 2.1 Spectrum Management Fundamentals -- 2.2 Civil Spectrum Management -- 2.3 Military Spectrum Management -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Spectrum Demand Assessments -- 2.3.3 Spectrum Protection -- 2.3.4 Assignment and Allotment Process -- 2.3.5 The BSM Plan -- 2.3.6 BSM Plan Dissemination -- 2.3.7 Interference Management -- 2.4 Management of EW Activities -- References and Further Reading -- 3 The Radio Channel -- 3.1 Frequency Aspects of the Radio Channel -- 3.2 Narrowband Signals -- 3.2.1 Rayleigh Fading -- 3.2.2 Ricean Fading -- 3.3 Frequency Hopping Signals -- 3.4 Wideband Signals -- 3.5 The Effect of Movement on the Radio Channel -- References and Further Reading -- 4 Radio Links in the Presence of Noise -- 4.1 Sources of Radio Noise -- 4.2 Effects of Noise -- 4.3 The Radio Receiver -- 4.4 Radio Link Budgets in the Presence of Noise -- References and Further Reading -- 5 Radio Links in the Presence of Interference -- 5.1 Sources of Radio Interference -- 5.2 Interference in the Spectral Domain -- 5.2.1 Co-Channel Interference -- 5.2.2 Adjacent and Other Channel Offset Interference -- 5.2.3 Overlapping Bandwidth Calculations -- 5.2.4 Interference between Dissimilar Systems -- 5.2.5 Multiple Interferers -- 5.3 Interference in the Time Domain.

5.3.1 Time Slots, Frequency Hopping Systems and Activity Ratios -- 5.3.2 Non-Continuous Interference -- 5.4 Interference Mitigation Techniques -- References and Further Reading -- 6 Radio Links and Deliberate Jamming -- 6.1 The Purpose of Jamming -- 6.2 How Jamming Works -- 6.3 Types of Communications Jammers -- 6.4 Jamming Mitigation Techniques -- References and Further Reading -- 7 Radar and Radar Jamming -- 7.1 Introduction to Radars -- 7.2 The Radar Equation -- 7.3 Types of Radar -- 7.3.1 Basic Pulse Radar -- 7.3.2 Pulse Doppler Radar -- 7.3.3 Pulse Compression Radar -- 7.3.4 Chirped Radar -- 7.3.5 Digitally Modulated Pulses -- 7.3.6 Continuous Wave Radar -- 7.3.7 Moving Target Indicator Radar -- 7.3.8 Phase Array Radar -- 7.3.9 Synthetic Aperture Radar -- 7.3.10 Broadband (LPI) Radar -- 7.3.11 Secondary Radar -- 7.4 Radar Jamming Techniques -- 7.5 Radar Jamming Mitigation Techniques -- References and Further Reading -- 8 Radio-Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices -- 8.1 The Poor Man's Weapon of Choice: IEDs -- 8.2 Radio Control for IEDs -- 8.3 Detection of IED Radio Control Systems -- References and Further Reading -- Part Two: Practical -- 9 Predicting HF Radio -- 9.1 Propagation at HF -- 9.1.1 Skywave -- 9.2 HF Skywave Link Budgets -- 9.3 Groundwave -- References and Further Reading -- 10 VHF to SHF Radio Prediction -- 10.1 Propagation above HF -- 10.1.1 Introduction -- 10.1.2 Short-Range VHF and UHF Links -- 10.1.3 Long Range VHF and UHF Links -- 10.1.4 Variability at VHF and UHF -- 10.1.5 SHF and Above -- 10.2 Modelling Methods -- 10.3 Deterministic Models -- 10.3.1 Free Space Loss Model -- 10.3.2 Two-Ray Models -- 10.3.3 Common Deterministic Models -- 10.4 Empirical Models -- 10.4.1 Basic Form of Empirical Models -- 10.4.2 Okumura Hata and COST 231 Hata -- 10.4.3 ITU-R P.1546 -- 10.4.4 ITU-528 Aeronautical Model.

10.4.5 Clutter and Absorption Modelling -- 10.4.6 Fading Characteristics -- 10.5 Combined Models -- 10.5.1 Combining Propagation Models -- 10.5.2 The ITM Model -- 10.5.3 Combination Checklist -- 10.6 Link Budgets -- 10.6.1 Generic Analog Link Budgets -- 10.6.2 Generic Digital Link Budgets -- 10.6.3 Spread-Spectrum Link Budgets -- 10.6.4 Radar Primary Radar Link Budgets -- 10.6.5 HF Link Budgets -- References and Further Reading -- 11 Data Requirements for Radio Prediction -- 11.1 Why Consider Modelling Requirements? -- 11.2 Communications System Parameters -- 11.3 ES Specific Parameters -- 11.4 EA Specific Parameters -- 11.5 Radar Specific Parameters -- 11.6 Third-Party Characteristics -- 11.7 General Antenna Characteristics -- 11.8 Antenna Environment Considerations -- 11.9 Terrain Data -- 11.9.1 Introduction to Terrain Data -- 11.9.2 Sources of Terrain Data -- 11.9.3 Geographic Projections and Datums -- 11.9.4 Terrain Data Resolution -- 11.9.5 Required Precision -- 11.10 Ground and Radio Clutter Data -- 11.10.1 Ground Conductivity and Permittivity -- 11.10.2 Radio Clutter -- 11.11 Sunspots, Ionospheric and Atmospheric Data -- 11.11.1 Sunspots -- 11.11.2 Ionospheric Conditions -- 11.11.3 Gaseous Absorption -- 11.11.4 Precipitation -- References and Further Reading -- 12 Planning and Optimising Radio Links -- 12.1 Path Profile Prediction -- 12.2 Optimising a Link -- 12.3 Re-Broadcast Links -- 12.4 Linked Networks -- References and Further Reading -- 13 Planning Radio Networks for Coverage -- 13.1 Coverage Predictions -- 13.2 Optimisation of Radio Networks -- 13.3 Limiting Coverage -- References and Further Reading -- 14 Interference Analysis -- 14.1 Introduction to Radio Interference Analysis -- 14.2 Fading Considerations -- 14.3 Interference from other Channels -- 14.4 Different Ways of Representing Co-existing Signals.

References and Further Reading -- 15 Management Techniques for Interference -- 15.1 Preventing Interference -- 15.1.1 Spatial Methods -- 15.1.2 Spectral Methods -- 15.1.3 Time-Based Methods -- 15.2 Managing Interference -- 15.3 Interference Reports -- References and Further Reading -- 16 Management of Interference at a Radio Site -- 16.1 Special Features of Radio Sites with Multiple Systems -- 16.1.1 Introduction -- 16.1.2 EMC Issues -- 16.1.3 Co-Site Radio Layout -- 16.2 Sources of Interference at a Radio Site -- 16.2.1 Blocking -- 16.2.2 Harmonics -- 16.2.3 Intermediate Frequencies -- 16.2.4 Image Frequencies -- 16.2.5 Inter-Modulation Products -- 16.3 Methods of Managing Interference at Radio Sites -- 16.3.1 Prevention -- 16.3.2 Curing -- References and Further Reading -- 17 Communications Electronic Warfare -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Detection and Intercept Networks -- 17.2.1 Introduction -- 17.2.2 Detection Capability -- 17.2.3 Intercept Systems -- 17.2.4 Planning Detection and Interception Networks -- 17.3 Direction Finding Networks -- 17.3.1 Introduction -- 17.3.2 History of Direction Finding -- 17.3.3 Operational Uses of DF Systems -- 17.3.4 Basic Principles of DF -- 17.3.5 Types of Direction Finders -- 17.3.6 The DF Baseline -- 17.3.7 Optimisation of the DF Baseline -- 17.3.8 Airborne DF -- 17.3.9 DF Assets and Communications -- 17.4 Communications Jammers -- 17.4.1 Introduction -- 17.4.2 Legality of Jamming -- 17.4.3 Spot Jamming -- 17.4.4 Barrage Jamming -- 17.4.5 Responsive Jamming -- 17.4.6 Adaptive Jamming -- 17.4.7 Smart Jamming -- 17.5 The Role of Unmanned Airborne Vehicles -- 17.5.1 UAV Roles -- 17.5.2 UAV Advantages -- 17.5.3 UAV Disadvantages -- 17.5.4 UAV Communications and Spectrum Management -- 17.6 Countering Enemy Communications Electronic Warfare -- 17.6.1 Poacher-Gamekeeper Approach -- 17.6.2 EPM.

17.6.3 Tactical Methods of Countering Enemy CEW -- References and Further Reading -- 18 Non-Communications Electronic Warfare -- 18.1 Non-Communications EW -- 18.1.1 Broadcast -- 18.1.2 Navigation Systems -- 18.1.3 Secondary Radar Systems -- 18.2 Radar Jamming Techniques -- 18.2.1 Cover Jamming -- 18.2.2 Range Gate Pull Off and Pull In -- 18.2.3 Velocity Gate Pull Off -- 18.2.4 Angle Stealing -- 18.2.5 Inverse Gain Jamming -- 18.2.6 Other Jamming Methods -- 18.3 Platform Self Protection Methods -- 18.3.1 Platform Types and Protection Required -- 18.3.2 Decoys -- 18.4 Parametric Information Collection Methods -- 18.4.1 Collection of Electronic Order of Battle Information -- 18.4.2 Management of EORBAT Information -- 18.4.3 Radar Threat Characteristics -- 18.4.4 Communications Parameters -- 18.4.5 Collection Methods -- 18.4.6 Collection versus Detection -- 18.4.7 Example Collection Activity -- References and Further Reading -- 19 Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs -- 19.1 Introduction to IEDs -- 19.1.1 Asymmetric Warfare -- 19.1.2 Types of IED -- 19.1.3 Threat Mix -- 19.2 Radio Controlled IED -- 19.3 Basic IED Counter Methods -- 19.3.1 Detection of Enemy Activities -- 19.3.2 Non-EW Methods -- 19.3.3 EW Methods -- 20 Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix A: Working with Decibels -- Appendix B: Common Conversion Formulae and Reference Tables -- Index.