Nanomaterials -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 Lasers: Fundamentals, Types, and Operations -- 1.1 Introduction of Lasers -- 1.1.1 Historical Development -- 1.1.2 Basic Construction and Principle of Lasing -- 1.1.3 Einstein Relations and Gain Coefficient -- 1.1.4 Multilevel Systems for Attaining Condition of Population Inversion -- 1.1.5 Threshold Gain Coefficient for Lasing -- 1.1.6 Optical Resonator -- 1.1.7 Laser Modes -- 1.2 Types of Laser and Their Operations -- 1.2.1 Solid Laser -- 1.2.1.1 Doped Insulator Laser -- 1.2.1.2 Semiconductor Laser -- 1.2.2 Gas Laser -- 1.2.2.1 Atomic Gas Laser -- He:Ne Laser -- 1.2.2.2 Ion Laser: Argon Ion Laser -- 1.2.2.3 Molecular Laser -- 1.2.3 Liquid Laser -- 1.3 Methods of Producing EUV/VUV, X-Ray Laser Beams -- 1.3.1 Free Electron Lasers (FEL) -- 1.3.2 X-Ray Lasers -- 1.3.3 EUV/VUV Lasers through Higher Harmonic Generation -- 1.4 Properties of Laser Radiation -- 1.4.1 Monochromaticity -- 1.4.2 Directionality -- 1.4.3 Coherence -- 1.4.4 Brightness -- 1.4.5 Focusing of Laser Beam -- 1.5 Modification in Basic Laser Structure -- 1.5.1 Mode Locking -- 1.5.1.1 Basic Principle of Mode Locking -- 1.5.1.2 Mode Locking Techniques -- 1.5.2 Q-Switching -- 1.5.3 Pulse Shaping -- References -- 2 Introduction of Materials and Architectures at the Nanoscale -- 2.1 Origin and Historical Development -- 2.2 Introduction -- 2.3 Band Theory of Solids -- 2.4 Quantum Confinement -- 2.5 Defects and Imperfections -- 2.5.1 Point Defect -- 2.5.2 Line Defects -- 2.5.3 Planar Defects -- 2.5.4 Volume or Bulk Defects -- 2.6 Metal, Semiconductor, and Insulator Nanomaterials -- 2.6.1 Metal Nanoparticles and Their Size-/Shape-Dependent Properties -- 2.6.2 Semiconductor Nanoparticles and Their Size-Dependent Properties -- 2.6.3 Insulator Nanoparticles -- 2.7 Various Synthesis Methods of Nanoscale Materials.

2.8 Various Techniques of Materials Characterization -- 2.8.1 Light Beam Characterization Techniques (200-1000 nm) -- 2.8.2 Infrared (IR) Characterization (1000-200 000 nm) -- 2.8.3 X-Ray-Beam-Based Characterization Methods -- 2.8.4 Electron-Beam-Based Characterization Methods -- 2.8.5 Nuclear Radiation and Particle-Based Spectroscopy -- 2.9 Self-Assembly and Induced Assembly, Aggregation, and Agglomeration of Nanoparticles -- 2.10 Applications of Lasers in Nanomaterial Synthesis, Modification, and Characterization -- 2.11 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- Part I Nanomaterials: Laser Based Processing Techniques -- 3 Laser-Matter Interaction -- 3.1 High-Intensity Femtosecond Laser Interactions with Gases and Clusters -- 3.1.1 Introduction -- 3.1.2 Laser-Atom Interactions -- 3.1.3 Laser-Molecule Interactions -- 3.1.4 High-Pressure Atomic Physics -- 3.1.5 Strongly Coupled Plasmas -- 3.1.6 Clusters -- 3.1.7 Laser-Cluster Production -- 3.1.8 Laser-Cluster Interaction -- 3.1.9 Aerosol Monitoring -- 3.1.10 Atmospheric Effects -- 3.1.11 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 3.2 Laser-Matter Interaction: Plasma and Nanomaterials Processing -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Influences of Laser Irradiance on Melting and Vaporization Processes -- 3.2.3 Influence of Laser Pulse Width and Pulse Shape -- 3.2.4 Influences of Laser Wavelength on Ablation Threshold and Plasma Parameters -- 3.2.5 Influences of Background Gas Pressure on the Plasma Characteristic and Morphology of Produced Materials -- 3.2.6 Double Pulse Laser Ablation -- 3.2.7 Electric- and Magnetic-Field-Assisted Laser Ablation -- 3.2.8 Effect of Laser Polarization -- 3.2.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Nanomaterials: Laser-Based Processing in Gas Phase -- 4.1 Synthesis and Analysis of Nanostructured Thin Films Prepared by Laser Ablation of Metals in Vacuum.

4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Experimental Details -- 4.1.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.1.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4.2 Synthesis of Nanostructures with Pulsed Laser Ablation in a Furnace -- 4.2.1 General Consideration for Pulsed Laser Deposition: an Introduction -- 4.2.1.1 One-Dimensional Nanostructure -- 4.2.2 Thermal-Assisted Pulsed Laser Deposition -- 4.2.2.1 Furnace System -- 4.2.2.2 Laser Ablation Setup -- 4.2.2.3 Experimental Procedure -- 4.2.3 Single-Crystalline Branched Zinc Phosphide Nanostructures with TAPLD -- 4.2.3.1 Properties of Zn3P2 -- 4.2.3.2 Zn3P2 Nanostructures -- 4.2.3.3 Properties and Devices Fabrication -- 4.2.3.4 Summary of the Zn3P2 Nanostructures -- 4.2.4 Aligned Ferrite Nanorods, NWs, and Nanobelts with the TAPLD Process -- 4.2.4.1 Introduction -- 4.2.4.2 Experimental Method -- 4.2.4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.2.4.4 Summary of the Iron Oxide Nanostructures -- References -- 4.3 ZnO Nanowire and Its Heterostructures Grown with Nanoparticle-Assisted Pulsed Laser Deposition -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 From 2D Nanowall to 1D Nanowire with PLD -- 4.3.3 NAPLD Nanowire Growth Mechanism -- 4.3.4 Controlled Nanowire Growth with NAPLD -- 4.3.4.1 Influence of Substrate-Target Distance -- 4.3.4.2 Influence of Laser Energy -- 4.3.4.3 Influence of Substrate Annealing -- 4.3.4.4 Influence of Wetting Layer -- 4.3.5 Growth of Nanowire Heterostructures Based on Low-Density Nanowires -- 4.3.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4.4 Laser-Vaporization-Controlled Condensation for the Synthesis of Semiconductor, Metallic, and Bimetallic Nanocrystals and Nanoparticle Catalysts -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 Brief Overview of Nucleation and Growth from the Vapor Phase -- 4.4.3 The LVCC Method -- 4.4.4 Silicon Nanocrystals -- 4.4.5 Laser Alloying of Nanoparticles in the Vapor Phase.

4.4.5.1 Gold-Silver Alloy Nanoparticles -- 4.4.5.2 Size Control by Laser Irradiation of Nanoparticles in Solutions -- 4.4.5.3 Gold-Palladium Alloy Nanoparticles -- 4.4.6 Intermetallic Nanoparticles -- 4.4.6.1 FeAl and NiAl Intermetallic Nanoparticles -- 4.4.7 Growth of Filaments and Treelike Assembly by Electric Field -- 4.4.8 Upconverting Doped Nanocrystals by the LVCC Method -- 4.4.9 Supported Nanoparticle Catalysts by the LVCC Method -- 4.4.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Nanomaterials: Laser-Induced Nano/Microfabrications -- 5.1 Direct Femtosecond Laser Nanostructuring and Nanopatterning on Metals -- 5.1.1 Introduction -- 5.1.2 Basic Principles of Surface Nanostructuring by Direct Femtosecond Laser Ablation -- 5.1.3 Nanostructures -- 5.1.4 Femtosecond Laser-Induced Periodic Structures (Periodic Nanogrooves) on Metals -- 5.1.5 Nanostructure-Textured Microstructures -- 5.1.5.1 Nanostructure-Textured Microgroove Structures -- 5.1.5.2 Nanostructure-Textured Columnar Microstructures -- 5.1.6 Single Nanoholes and Arrays of Nanoholes -- 5.1.7 Applications of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Surface Structures on Metals -- 5.1.7.1 Modification of Optical Properties -- 5.1.7.2 Modification of Wetting Properties -- 5.1.7.3 Biomedical Applications -- 5.1.7.4 Other Applications -- 5.1.8 Summary -- References -- 5.2 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer: an Approach to Direct Write of Patterns in Film Form -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Principle and Method -- 5.2.3 LIFT of Materials -- 5.2.3.1 Metals and Single Element -- 5.2.3.2 Oxides -- 5.2.3.3 Other Compounds Including Biomaterials -- 5.2.4 Applications -- 5.2.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 5.3 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer: Transfer of Micro-Nanomaterials on Substrate -- 5.3.1 Introduction of Laser-Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) -- 5.3.2 Spatial Resolution of the LIFT Process.

5.3.3 Transfer of Thermally and Mechanically Sensitive Materials -- References -- 5.4 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer for the Fabrication of Devices -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 LIFT Techniques for Direct-Write Applications -- 5.4.2.1 Traditional LIFT -- 5.4.3 Modified LIFT Methods -- 5.4.3.1 Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation Direct-Write (MAPLE-DW) -- 5.4.3.2 Laser Molecular Implantation (LMI) -- 5.4.3.3 Layered Donor Systems with Intermediate Absorbing Films -- 5.4.4 Conclusions and Future Aspects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Nanomaterials: Laser-Based Processing in Liquid Media -- 6.1 Liquid-Assisted Pulsed Laser Ablation/Irradiation for Generation of Nanoparticles -- 6.1.1 Introduction -- 6.1.2 Advantages of Liquid-Phase Laser Ablation over Gas Phase -- 6.1.3 Classification of Liquid-Phase Laser Ablation on the Basis of Target Characteristics -- 6.1.3.1 Liquid-Phase Laser Ablation of Solid Bulk Target Materials -- 6.1.3.2 Laser-Induced Melting and Fragmentation of Liquid-Suspended Particles -- 6.1.3.3 Laser Irradiation of Metal Salts or Liquid Precursors -- 6.1.4 Applications of Nanomaterials Produced by Liquid-Phase Pulsed Laser Ablation/Irradiation -- 6.1.4.1 Applications in PV Solar Cells -- 6.1.4.2 In situ Functionalization for Biological Applications -- 6.1.4.3 Semiconductor NPs as Fluorescent Markers -- 6.1.4.4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Active Substrates -- 6.1.4.5 Nanofertilizer for Seed Germination and Growth Stimulation -- 6.1.4.6 Other Applications -- 6.1.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6.2 Synthesis of Metal Compound Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation in Liquid -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by LAL -- 6.2.2.1 Oxide Nanoparticles -- 6.2.2.2 Carbide Nanoparticles -- 6.2.2.3 Nitride Nanoparticles -- 6.2.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments.

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