WATER INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES -- WATER INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- WATER INFRASTRUCTURE NEEDS AND INVESTMENT: REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF KEY ISSUES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND: HISTORY OF FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT -- Wastewater -- Drinking Water -- USDA Assistance Programs -- CONTEXT FOR THE WATER INFRASTRUCTURE DEBATE: INVESTMENT NEEDS -- EPA Needs Surveys -- Drinking Water Needs -- Wastewater Needs -- CBO's Report on Future Investment -- EPA's Gap Analysis Report -- ISSUES -- Priorities: What Are the Problems to Be Solved? -- Infrastructure Replacement -- Security -- Funding Other Priorities -- The Federal Role -- Delivering Federal Support -- Administrative Entity -- The Type of Assistance Provided: Grants and Loans -- Federal Funds for Private Infrastructure Systems -- Other Federal Tax Issues -- Federal Cross-Cutting Requirements -- Set-Asides -- Allotment of Funds and Congressionally Directed Project Grants -- Research on New Technologies -- Congressional and Administration Activity -- Congressional Activities -- Administration Activities -- CONCLUSION -- End Notes -- WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDING IN THE AMERICAN RECOVERY AND REINVESTMENT ACT OF 2009 -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- General Provisions Applicable to ARRA Water Infrastructure Funding -- WASTEWATER AND DRINKING WATER -- EPA State Revolving Fund (SRF) Programs -- Other Federal Programs -- Implementation and Oversight -- WATER RESOURCES -- Corps of Engineers Projects -- Bureau of Reclamation Projects and Programs -- Agricultural Watershed Programs -- International Boundary and Water Commission Projects -- Implementation and Oversight -- Army Corps of Engineers -- Bureau of Reclamation -- Agricultural Watershed Programs -- International Boundary and Water Commission Projects -- CONCLUDING THOUGHTS.

APPENDIX. STATE ALLOCATION OF EPA WASTEWATER AND DRINKING WATER FUNDS IN ARRA -- End Notes -- WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING: HISTORY OF EPA APPROPRIATIONS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- Trends in Water Infrastructure Funding -- SRF Capitalization Grants vs. Special Purpose Project Grants -- Local Cost Share on Special Purpose Grants -- Grants for a Drinking Water SRF -- APPROPRIATIONS CHRONOLOGY -- FY1986, FY1987 -- FY1988 -- FY1989 -- FY1990 -- FY1991 -- FY1992 -- FY1993 -- FY1994 -- FY1995 -- FY1996 -- FY1997 -- FY1998 -- FY1999 -- FY2000 -- FY2001 -- FY2002 -- FY2003 -- FY2004 -- FY2005 -- FY2006 -- FY2007 -- FY2008 -- FY2009 -- FY2009 Supplemental Appropriations, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act -- FY2010 -- Untitled -- APPENDIX. -- End Notes -- WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS DESIGNATED IN EPA APPROPRIATIONS: TRENDS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINING SPECIAL PURPOSE PROJECT GRANTS -- Trends in Congressionally Designated Project Grants -- Project Grants for Specific Cities -- No Special Project Grants in FY2007 -- Policy Implications -- FINAL THOUGHTS -- APPENDIX A. BACKGROUND: FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT -- APPENDIX B. BACKGROUND: FEDERAL INVOLVEMENT IN DRINKING WATER -- End Notes -- RURAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE: IMPROVED COORDINATION AND FUNDING PROCESSES COULD ENHANCE FEDERAL EFFORTS TO MEET NEEDS IN THE U.S.-MEXICO BORDER REGION -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- BACKGROUND -- History of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure in the Border Region -- Agencies That Provide Assistance in the Region -- FEDERAL AGENCIES PROVIDED AT LEAST 1.4 BILLION OVER 9 YEARS FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE BORDER REGION -- FEDERAL EFFORTS HAVE NOT BEEN EFFECTIVE IN MEETING THE WATER AND WASTEWATER NEEDS OF THE BORDER REGION.

Agencies Have Not Comprehensively Assessed Water and Wastewater Conditions, Hampering Their Ability to Meet the Needs of the Region -- Agencies Lack Coordinated Policies and Processes for Providing Federal Assistance in the Border Region -- Agencies Have Not Always Ensured Compliance with Statutory Requirements in Implementing Programs for the Border Region -- Agencies Are Not Ensuring Compliance with Statutory Eligibility Requirements -- Agencies Do Not Ensure Funds Intended for Use in the Border Region Are Provided to Those with the Greatest Need -- CONCLUSION -- MATTERS FOR CONGRESSIONAL CONSIDERATION -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- APPENDIX I: SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY -- Determining How Much Federal Funding Was Provided to the Border Region -- Environmental Protection Agency -- U.S. Department of Agriculture -- Department of Housing and Urban Development -- Indian Health Service -- Economic Development Administration -- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers -- Bureau of Reclamation -- Rural Areas Identified Using a System Based on Population and Commuting Patterns with Census Tracts -- Effectiveness of Federal Efforts -- APPENDIX II: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON ELIGIBILITY AND PRIORITIZATION REQUIREMENTS FOR USDA, HUD AND CORPS PROGRAMS TARGETED TO THE BORDER REGION -- Legislative History of the USDA, HUD, and Corps Colonias Programs -- USDA -- HUD -- The Corps -- APPENDIX III: TOTAL OBLIGATIONS AND RURAL-URBAN CATEGORIES FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER PROJECTS IN THE BORDER REGION, FISCAL YEARS 2000-2008, BY COUNTY. -- APPENDIX IV: TOTAL USDA OBLIGATIONS FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER PROJECTS IN THE BORDER REGION, FISCAL YEARS 2000-2008, BY COUNTY -- APPENDIX V: TOTAL EPA OBLIGATIONS AND RURAL-URBAN CATEGORIES FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER PROJECTS IN THE BORDER REGION, FISCAL YEARS 2000-2008, BY COUNTY.

APPENDIX VI: TOTAL OBLIGATIONS FROM CLEAN WATER AND DRINKING WATER STATE REVOLVING FUNDS AND RURAL-URBAN CATEGORIES FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER PROJECTS IN THE BORDER REGION, FISCAL YEARS 2000-2008, BY COUNTY. -- APPENDIX VII: TOTAL HUD OBLIGATIONS AND RURAL-URBAN CATEGORIES FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER PROJECTS IN THE BORDER REGION, FISCAL YEARS 2000-2008, BY COUNTY -- APPENDIX VIII: TOTAL OBLIGATIONS FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER PROJECTS IN THE BORDER REGION, FISCAL YEARS 2000-2008, BY TRIBAL NATION. -- APPENDIX IX: COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE -- GAO COMMENTS -- APPENDIX X: COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT -- GAO COMMENTS -- APPENDIX XI: COMMENTS FROM THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS -- GAO COMMENT -- End Notes -- TERRORISM AND SECURITY ISSUES FACING THE WATER INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- RESPONSES TO SECURITY CONCERNS -- EPA -- Reclamation and the Corps -- Department of Homeland Security -- Coordination and Information Sharing -- POLICY ISSUES AND CONGRESSIONAL RESPONSES -- Congressional Activity -- Appropriations -- Legislative Issues -- Water Utilities and Chemical Plant Security -- End Notes -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- INDEX.