Bones and Cartilage: Developmental and Evolutionary Skeletal Biology -- Epigraph -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Part I Skeletal Tissues -- Chapter 1 Types of Skeletal Tissues -- BONE -- CARTILAGE -- DENTINE -- ENAMEL -- INTERMEDIATE TISSUES -- Cementum -- Enameloid -- Chondroid and chondroid bone -- BONE OR CARTILAGE -- NOTES -- Chapter 2 Bone -- DISCOVERY OF THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF BONE -- CELLULAR BONE -- OSTEOCYTES -- INTRAMEMBRANOUS VERSUS ENDOCHONDRAL BONE -- Embryonic origins -- Other modes -- Metabolic differences -- Morphogenetic differences -- OSTEONES -- GROWTH -- REGIONAL REMODELING -- AGEING -- Osteones over time -- ACELLULAR BONE -- Caisson disease and abnormal acellular bone in mammals -- Acellular bone in teleost fishes -- Development -- Resorption -- Repair of fractures -- Ca++ regulation -- Aspidine -- BONE IN CARTILAGINOUS FISHES (SHARKS AND RAYS) -- NOTES -- Chapter 3 Cartilage -- TYPES -- CHONDRONES -- CARTILAGE GROWTH -- CARTILAGE CANALS -- SECONDARY CENTRES OF OSSIFICATION -- ELASTIC CARTILAGE -- Elastic fibres -- The cells -- Elastic cartilage intermediates -- SHARK CARTILAGE -- Development and mineralization -- Growth -- Inhibition of vascular invasion -- LAMPREYS -- Mucocartilage -- Lamprin -- Mineralization -- HAGFISH -- NOTES -- Part II Natural Experiments -- Chapter 4 Invertebrate Cartilages -- CHONDROID, CARTILAGE OR NEITHER -- ODONTOPHORE CARTILAGE IN THE CHANNELED WHELK, BUSYCON CANALICULATUM -- BRANCHIAL (GILL BOOK) CARTILAGE IN THE HORSESHOE CRAB, LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS -- CRANIAL CARTILAGES IN SQUID, CUTTLEFISH AND OCTOPUSES -- Composition of the extracellular matrix -- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) -- Collagens -- TENTACULAR CARTILAGE IN POLYCHAETE ANNELIDS -- LOPHOPHORE CARTILAGE IN AN ARTICULATE BRACHIOPOD, TEREBRATALIA TRANSVERSA -- MINERALIZATION OF INVERTEBRATE CARTILAGES -- CARTILAGE ORIGINS -- NOTES.

Chapter 5 Intermediate Tissues -- CHONDROID AND CHONDROID BONE -- MODULATION AND INTERMEDIATE TISSUES -- CARTILAGE FROM FIBROUS TISSUE AND METAPLASIA -- METAPLASIA OF EPITHELIAL CELLS TO CHONDROBLASTS OR OSTEOBLASTS -- Chondroid -- Teleosts -- Mammals -- CHONDROID BONE -- Teleosts -- Mammals -- Chondroid bone and pharyngeal jaws -- TISSUES INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN BONE AND DENTINE -- Dentine -- Cementum -- ENAMELOID: A TISSUE INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN DENTINE AND ENAMEL -- NOTES -- Chapter 6 An Evolutionary Perspective -- FOSSILIZED SKELETAL TISSUES -- ALL FOUR SKELETAL TISSUES ARE ANCIENT -- EVOLUTIONARY EXPERIMENTATION -- Intermediate tissues in fossil agnatha -- DINOSAUR BONE -- DEVELOPING FOSSILS -- PROBLEMATICA -- PALAEOPATHOLOGY -- CONODONTS -- NOTES -- Part III Unusual Modes of Skeletogenesis -- Chapter 7 Horns and Ossicones -- HORNS -- DISTRIBUTION OF HORNS AS ORGANS -- Bovidae -- Rhinos -- Titanotheres -- Pronghorn antelopes -- Giraffes -- HORN AS A TISSUE -- DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF HORNS -- NOTES -- Chapter 8 Antlers -- ANTLERS -- Size and absence -- INITIATION OF ANTLER FORMATION -- Pedicle formation -- The antler bud and dermal-epidermal interactions -- HORMONAL CONTROL OF PEDICLE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH -- ANTLER REGENERATION -- The shedding cycle -- HISTOGENESIS OF ANTLERS -- White-tailed deer, American elk, European fallow and roe deer -- Rocky Mountain mule deer -- Sika deer -- HORMONES, PHOTOPERIOD AND ANTLER GROWTH -- Sika deer Photoperiod and testosterone -- Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin -- NOTES -- Chapter 9 Tendons and Sesamoids -- TENDONS AND SKELETOGENESIS -- Fibrocartilage in tendons -- Rodent Achilles tendons -- Ossification of avian tendons -- Formation and composition of tendon fibrocartilages -- Condensation -- Scleraxis -- Composition -- SESAMOIDS -- Amphibians -- Reptiles -- Birds -- Teleosts -- NOTES -- Part IV Stem Cells.

Chapter 10 Embryonic Stem Cells -- STEM CELLS -- SET-ASIDE CELLS -- STEM CELLS FOR PERIOSTEAL OSTEOGENESIS IN LONG BONES -- MODULATION OF SYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND DIFFERENTIATIVE PATHWAYS OF CELL POPULATIONS -- Fibroblast-chondroblast modulation -- Modulation of glycosaminoglycan synthesis -- MODULATION OF SYNTHETIC ACTIVITY AND DIFFERENTIATIVE PATHWAYS IN SINGLE CELLS -- Degradative activity -- NOTES -- Chapter 11 Stem Cells in Adults -- FIBROBLAST COLONY-FORMING CELLS -- OSTEOGENIC PRECURSOR CELLS -- Clonal analysis -- Lineages of cells -- Dexamethasone -- EPITHELIAL INDUCTION OF ECTOPIC BONE -- Epithelial cell lines -- NOTES -- Part V Skeletogenic Cells -- Chapter 12 Osteo- and Chondroprogenitor Cells -- IDENTIFYING OSTEO- AND CHONDROPROGENITOR CELLS -- Execrable terminology -- Features -- Cell cycle dynamics -- BIPOTENTIAL PROGENITOR CELLS FOR OSTEOGENESIS AND CHONDROGENESIS -- Bipotential cell populations or bipotential cells? -- Uncovering bipotentiality -- Discovering bipotentiality -- Biochemical and metabolic markers -- Collagen types -- The tumor suppressor gene p53 -- CONDYLAR CARTILAGE ON THE CONDYLAR PROCESS OF THE MAMMALIAN DENTARY -- Histodifferentiation and scurvy -- One or two cell populations -- Evidence against bipotentiality -- Evidence supporting bipotentiality -- All or some? -- SECONDARY CARTILAGE ON AVIAN MEMBRANE BONES -- NOTES -- Chapter 13 Dedifferentiation Provides Progenitor Cells for Jaws and Long Bones -- CONDYLAR CARTILAGE OF THE MAMMALIAN TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT -- The temporomandibular joint -- Hypertrophic chondrocytes survive -- Hypertrophic chondrocytes transform to osteoprogenitor cells -- MECKEL'S CARTILAGE -- Mammalian Meckel's -- Prx-1, Prx-2 -- Alx-3 -- Ptx-1 -- DEDIFFERENTIATION DURING ENDOCHONDRAL BONE FORMATION -- Rodent ribs -- Mice -- Rats -- Appendicular long bones -- Enzyme activity.

Evidence from 3 H-thymidine-labeling and other approaches -- Murine interpubic joints -- NOTES -- Chapter 14 Dedifferentiation and Urodele Amphibian Limb Regeneration -- DEDIFFERENTIATION -- Morphological dedifferentiation -- Functional dedifferentiation -- Hyaluronan -- BLASTEMA FORMATION -- Aneurogenic limbs -- More than one cell fate -- MYOBLAST AND CHONDROBLAST FATES -- FACTORS CONTROLLING DEDIFFERENTIATION -- Innervation -- Aneurogenic limbs -- Proliferation -- Not the stump -- Electrical signals? -- Hox genes -- FgfR-1 and FgfR-2 -- Radical fringe -- WHY CAN'T FROGS REGENERATE? -- Augmenting regeneration -- FINGERTIPS OF MICE, MONKEYS AND MEN -- Comparison with urodele limb regeneration -- NOTES -- Chapter 15 Cells to Make and Cells to Break -- CLASTS AND BLASTS -- RESORPTION -- COUPLING BONE RESORPTION TO BONE FORMATION -- COUPLING OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS -- SOME MOLECULAR PLAYERS -- WHEN COUPLING GOES AWRY -- TRAP-STAINING FOR OSTEOCLASTS -- Mammalian osteoclasts -- Teleost osteoclasts -- NITRIC OXIDE - IT'S A GAS -- PROGENITOR CELLS FOR OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS -- Japanese quail-domestic fowl chimaeras -- OSTEOPETROSIS AND OSTEOCLAST ORIGINS -- OSTEOCLAST-PHAGOCYTE-MACROPHAGE OR OSTEOCLAST-MONOCYTE LINEAGES? -- Phagocyte/macrophage origin -- Interleukins -- IL-1 -- Osteogenesis -- Chondrogenesis -- IL-6 -- IL-10 -- Evidence against monocytes -- Evidence for monocytes -- CHONDROCLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS -- SYNOVIAL CELLS -- NOTES -- Part VI Embryonic Origins -- Chapter 16 Skeletal Origins: Somitic Mesoderm -- SOMITIC MESODERM AND THE ORIGIN OF THE VERTEBRAE -- PARAXIAL MESODERM → SOMITES -- SCLEROTOME FORMATION AND MIGRATION -- RESEGMENTATION -- SOMITIC CONTRIBUTION TO LIMB BUDS -- Formation of muscle -- Innervation and myogenesis -- Signals to initiate a limb bud -- A COMMENT ON PECTORAL GIRDLES -- THE CLAVICLE: EVEN MORE SURPRISING.

Humans -- Other mammals -- Mammals that lack clavicles -- Birds -- Wishbone or clavicles -- NOTES -- Chapter 17 Skeletal Origins: Neural Crest -- DIFFERENT MESENCHYMES, SAME TISSUES -- NEURAL CREST AS A SOURCE OF SKELETAL CELLS -- EVIDENCE OF SKELETOGENIC POTENTIAL -- Ablation and transplantation experiments -- Marker experiments -- 3H-thymidine -- Xenopus laevis-Xenopus borealis chimaeras -- Quail-chick chimaeras -- Genetic markers for murine neural crest -- Information from mutants -- REGIONALIZATION OF THE CRANIAL NEURAL CREST -- THE VENTRAL NEURAL TUBE -- MIGRATION OF NCC: THE ROLE OF THE ECM -- NOTES -- Chapter 18 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions -- URODELE AMPHIBIANS: CHONDROGENESIS -- AVIAN MANDIBULAR SKELETON: CHONDROGENESIS AND OSTEOGENESIS -- Isolated mesenchyme - chondrogenesis -- Isolated mesenchyme - osteogenesis -- Ruling out any role for Meckel's cartilage -- Molecular mechanisms -- OSTEOGENESIS IN AVIAN MAXILLARY ARCH SKELETON -- MAMMALIAN MANDIBULAR SKELETON -- Endothelin-1 (Et-1) -- The Dlx gene family and craniofacial development -- TELEOST MANDIBULAR ARCH SKELETON -- Fgf -- Hoxd-4 and retinoic acid -- Limb development -- Craniofacial development -- Fish -- Endothelin-1 (Et-1) -- Mutants -- LATERAL LINE, NEUROMASTS AND DERMAL BONE -- Hope from a single trout -- TERATOMAS -- Germ-layer combinations -- MESENCHYME SIGNALS TO EPITHELIUM -- SPECIFICITY OF EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL INTERACTIONS -- NOTES -- Part VII Getting Started -- Chapter 19 The Membranous Skeleton: Condensations -- THE MEMBRANOUS SKELETON -- CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS (ch) -- CHARACTERIZING CONDENSATIONS -- HOW CONDENSATIONS ARISE -- Altered mitotic activity -- Changing cell density -- Aggregation and/or failure to disperse -- Limb buds and limb regeneration -- Molecular control -- ESTABLISHING BOUNDARIES -- Syndecan and tenascin -- Fgfs -- Wnt-7a -- NOTES.

Chapter 20 From Condensation to Differentiation.