Cover -- Modern earth buildings: Materials, engineering, construction and applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributor contact details -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy -- Preface -- Part I Introduction to modern earth buildings -- 1 Overview of modern earth building -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Definition of modern earth building -- 1.3 The significance of modern earth building in the current and future construction industries -- 1.4 Changes in the modern earth building industry -- 1.5 Managing the demands of the modern construction industry -- 1.6 References -- 2 Hygrothermal behaviour and occupant comfort in modern earth buildings -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Hygrothermal loads and modelling -- 2.3 Thermal and hygric properties of earth materials -- 2.4 Hygrothermal behaviour and passive air conditioning -- 2.5 Indoor health and air quality -- 2.6 Sources of further information -- 2.7 References -- 2.8 Appendix: nomenclature -- 3 Fabric insulation, thermal bridging and acoustics in modern earth buildings -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Approaches to fabric insulation -- 3.3 Thermal bridging theory -- 3.4 Thermal bridging simulation tools -- 3.5 Acoustic reverberation -- 3.6 Sources of further information -- 3.7 References -- 3.8 Appendix: nomenclature -- 4 Modern earth building codes, standards and normative development -- 4.1 Introduction: a short history of building codes for using earth as a building material -- 4.2 Types of 'standards' for earth buildings -- 4.3 Normative documents for earth building -- 4.4 Selecting the parameters for earth building standards -- 4.5 New developments in earth building standards -- 4.6 Conclusions -- 4.7 References -- 5 Passive house design: a benchmark for thermal mass fabric integration -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Description of Passive House -- 5.3 Functional principles of Passive House.

5.4 Case studies of Passive Houses in different climates -- 5.5 Examples of Passive House architecture in Germany -- 5.6 Future trends -- 5.7 Sources of further information -- 5.8 References -- Part II Earth materials engineering and earth construction -- 6 Soil materials for earth construction: properties, classification and suitability testing -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Soil formation -- 6.3 Soil types -- 6.4 Soil consistency -- 6.5 Compaction of soil -- 6.6 Conclusion -- 6.7 References -- 6.8 Appendix -- 7 Alternative and recycled materials for earth construction -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification -- 7.3 Types of alternative material -- 7.4 Characteristics of alternative and recycled materials -- 7.5 Form of recycled and alternative materials: bulk or binder -- 7.6 Leaching -- 7.7 Physical and mechanical properties of alternative and recycled materials -- 7.8 The use and reuse life cycle -- 7.9 Future trends and conclusions -- 7.10 Sources of further information -- 7.11 References -- 7.12 Appendix -- 8 Soil mechanics and earthen construction: strength and mechanical behaviour -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Basic mechanics -- 8.3 Fundamental soil behaviour -- 8.4 Effective stress -- 8.5 Models of shear strength for soils -- 8.6 Unsaturated soil behaviour -- 8.7 The use of soil mechanics in earthen construction -- 8.8 Future trends -- 8.9 Sources of further information -- 8.10 References -- 9 Soil stabilisation and earth construction: materials, properties and techniques -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Lime stabilisation -- 9.3 Cement and pozzolans -- 9.4 Bituminous binders and emulsions -- 9.5 Synthetic binders, polymers and adhesives -- 9.6 Fibre reinforcement -- 9.7 Selection tool for modern stabilised earth construction -- 9.8 References -- 10 Integral admixtures and surface treatments for modern earth buildings -- 10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Integral admixtures for modern earth construction -- 10.3 Surface treatment for modern earth buildings -- 10.4 Future trends -- 10.5 Sources of information -- 10.6 References -- 11 Weathering and durability of earthen material and structures -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Water content increase in earthen walls -- 11.3 Strategies to increase the durability of earth walls -- 11.4 Current tests for assessing the durability of earthen materials -- 11.5 Surface coatings and finishes of earth structures -- 11.6 Long-term performance testing of earth walls -- 11.7 Future trends and conclusions -- 11.8 Acknowledgements -- 11.9 Sources of further information -- 11.10 References -- Part III Earth building technologies and earth construction techniques -- 12 History of earth building techniques -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Earth building techniques in Asia -- 12.3 Earth building techniques in Africa -- 12.4 Earth building techniques in Europe -- 12.5 Earth building techniques in North America -- 12.6 Earth building techniques in South America -- 12.7 Earth building techniques in Australasia -- 12.8 Conclusions -- 12.9 Bibliography -- 13 Stabilised soil blocks for structural masonry in earth construction -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Soil stabilisation techniques -- 13.3 Production of stabilised soil blocks (SSBs) -- 13.4 Characteristics of stabilised soil blocks (SSBs) -- 13.5 Cement-soil mortars for stabilised soil block masonry -- 13.6 Stabilised soil block masonry -- 13.7 Long-term performance, repair and retrofitting of stabilised soil block buildings -- 13.8 Case studies of cement-stabilised soil block (CSSB) buildings -- 13.9 References -- 14 Modern rammed earth construction techniques -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Material sourcing -- 14.3 Proportioning and mixing -- 14.4 Formwork -- 14.5 Installation -- 14.6 Future trends and conclusions.

14.7 Sources of further information -- 15 Pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction techniques -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials used for pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) construction -- 15.3 The forming system -- 15.4 Reinforcement of pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) walls -- 15.5 Equipment for proportioning, mixing and placement -- 15.6 The pneumatically impacted stabilized earth (PISE) method -- 15.7 Conclusion -- 15.8 Appendix -- 16 Conservation of historic earth buildings -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Common causes of deterioration on historic earth buildings -- 16.3 Conservation of earth architecture -- 16.4 Case study of the UNESCO heritage site of Diriyah in the Atturaif region of Saudi Arabia -- 16.5 Case study of earth buildings in Italy: Loreto Aprutino in the Abruzzo region -- 16.6 Conclusions -- 16.7 Sources of further information -- 16.8 References -- Part IV Modern earth structural engineering -- 17 Earth masonry structures: arches, vaults and domes -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Structural theory for arches, vaults and domes -- 17.3 Earth masonry arches -- 17.4 Earth masonry vaults -- 17.5 Earth masonry domes -- 17.6 Material properties of earth masonry structure -- 17.7 Design and construction criteria for earth masonry structures -- 17.8 Future trends -- 17.9 Acknowledgments -- 17.10 Sources of further information -- 17.11 References -- 18 Structural steel elements within stabilised rammed earth walling -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Structural steel for stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling -- 18.3 Design parameters for using structural steel within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walling -- 18.4 The use of steel lintels for stabilised rammed earth (SRE) applications -- 18.5 Steel columns embedded within stabilised rammed earth (SRE) walls.

18.6 Structural systems for elevated or 'precast' stabilised rammed earth (SRE) panels -- 18.7 North American structural steel -- 18.8 Conclusion -- 18.9 Acknowledgements -- 18.10 Sources of further information -- 19 Natural disasters and earth buildings: resistant design and construction -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Earthquakes and earth buildings -- 19.3 Earthquake engineering -- 19.4 Wind and storms -- 19.5 Earth building design for wind resistance -- 19.6 Flood hazards and earth buildings -- 19.7 Volcanoes and landslides -- 19.8 Future trends -- 19.9 Sources of further information -- 19.10 References -- 20 Embankments and dams -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Types and selection of embankment dams -- 20.3 Zoning of embankment dams and construction materials -- 20.4 Embankment dam construction specifications -- 20.5 Stability analysis of embankment dams -- 20.6 Dam freeboard requirement -- 20.7 Failure mechanisms -- 20.8 Maintenance of embankment dams -- 20.9 Future trends -- 20.10 Norms and standards -- 20.11 References -- Part V Application of modern earth construction: international case studies -- 21 North American modern earth construction -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Seventh generation thinking and earth construction -- 21.3 The interplay of indoor and outdoor weather -- 21.4 Applications of earth construction in hot climates -- 21.5 Applications of earth construction in wet and cold climates -- 21.6 Optimizing rammed earth compressive strength -- 21.7 North American-style rammed earth -- 21.8 Case studies of North American earth construction -- 21.9 Design elegance of modern earth buildings -- 21.10 Future trends -- 21.11 Sources of further information -- 21.12 Acknowledgments -- 22 Australian modern earth construction -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Uses of stabilised rammed earth in different regions of Australia.

22.3 Approaches to material type and selection.