Table of Contents -- Preface -- Summary of Contents -- List of Illustrations -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction Conceptualizing the WTO Compatibility of FTAs -- 1.1 WTO Compatibility, WTO Consistency and WTO Friendliness -- 1.2 Overarching Research Question of the Study -- Chapter 2: Analytical Framework for WTO Friendliness of FTAs How to Check If They Are Real "Friends" of WTO? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 First-generation Literature: Open Regionalism -- 2.3 Second-generation Literature -- 2.3.1 Multilateralizing regionalism literature -- 2.3.2 New open regionalism literature -- 2.4 Analytical Framework for WTO Friendliness of FTAs -- 2.4.1 Tree-type questions to examine the WTO friendliness of FTAs -- 2.4.2 Focal question for each issue area: beyond tariffs -- 2.4.3 Analytical assumption: evolutionary regionalism -- 2.5 Summary -- Chapter 3: Free Trade Agreements in Goods Is Trade Bilateralism in Asia Consistent with WTO Rules and Norms? -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Difference in Multilateral Principles of Regionalism: GATT Article XXIV versus Enabling Clause -- 3.2.1 Historical background of GATT Article XXIV and Enabling Clause -- 3.2.2 Conditions for forming FTAs: GATT Article XXIV and Enabling Clause -- 3.2.3 Developmental levels and legal choices -- 3.3 Analytical Framework for Assessing the Openness of Enabling Clause-based FTAs -- 3.4 Overview of FTAs around the World -- 3.4.1 The universe of Enabling Clause-based FTAs -- 3.4.2 Common features of Enabling Clause-based FTAs outside Asia -- 3.5 Empirical Study of Enabling Clause-based FTAs in Asia -- 3.5.1 Use of the Enabling Clause by developing Asian countries -- 3.5.2 Bilateral Enabling Clause-based FTAs in Asia -- 3.5.3 Plurilateral Enabling Clause-based FTAs in Asia -- 3.6 Policy Issues of Bilateral Enabling Clause-based FTAs.

3.6.1 Policy considerations: Three waves of FTAs and their WTO compatibility -- 3.6.2 Policy suggestions: Enhancing the WTO compatibility of Asian FTAs -- 3.7 Summary -- Appendix 3.1: GATT Article XXIV -- Appendix 3.2: Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 -- Appendix 3.3: Differential and More Favorable Treatment Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries -- Chapter 4: Regional Approaches to Trade Facilitation Are Regional Trade Facilitation Measures Discriminatory against Non-members? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Difference in Multilateral Principle of Regionalism: Trade Liberalization versus Trade Facilitation -- 4.3 Analytical Framework for Assessing the Openness of Regional Trade Facilitation -- 4.3.1 Typology of discriminatory regional trade facilitation measures -- 4.3.2 Analytical focus and caveat on methodology -- 4.4 Overview on Trade Facilitation Measures under FTAs in the World -- 4.5 Discriminatory and Non-discriminatory Cases of Regional Trade Facilitation -- 4.5.1 Transparency -- 4.5.2 Exemption of fees -- 4.5.3 Customs procedures -- 4.5.4 Mutual recognition: Conformity assessment of standards -- 4.5.5 Origin administration for preferential tariff treatment -- 4.6 Policy Suggestions: Minimizing Negative Externality of Regional Trade Facilitation -- 4.7 Summary -- Chapter 5: Regional Services Agreements What Is the Value of GATS-plus Regional Services Commitments? -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Differences in Multilateral Principles of Regionalism: Goods versus Services -- 5.2.1 Comparison of GATT Article XXIV and GATS Article V -- 5.2.2 Modality of services liberalization: Progressive liberalization -- 5.3 Analytical Framework for Assessing the Openness of Regional Services Agreements.

5.3.1 Typology of regional services commitments in terms of discriminatory effects -- 5.3.2 Analytical focus and caveat on methodology -- 5.4 Overview on Regional Services Agreements -- 5.5 Case Study: Achievements of the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services -- 5.5.1 The evolution of AFAS commitments in terms of coverage -- 5.5.2 The Hoekman index quantitative analysis of AFAS -- 5.6 Policy Issues: Regional Services Agreements as a Trigger for Services Reforms -- 5.6.1 Policy question: Immediate discriminatory new market access or long-term unilateral reform -- 5.6.2 Policy proposal: The amendment of GATS Article V -- 5.7 Summary -- Appendix 5.1 GATS Article V Economic Integration -- Chapter 6: Economic Cooperation under FTAs Do FTAs Impose WTO-Plus Technical Assistance Obligations on Members? -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Multilateral Governance on Developmental Issues -- 6.3 Analytical Framework for WTO-plus Elements of Technical Assistance under FTAs -- 6.3.1 Comparison between WTO Agreements and FTAs -- 6.3.2 Classification of WTO-plus technical assistance and typology of obligations -- 6.4 Overview on Technical Assistance Provisions under WTO Agreements -- 6.5 Case Study: Technical Assistance under Japan-ASEAN EPAs -- 6.5.1 Japan-Malaysia EPA (JMEPA) -- 6.5.2 Japan-Indonesia EPA (JIEPA) -- 6.5.3 Japan-Philippines EPA (JPEPA) -- 6.5.4 Japan-Singapore EPA (JSEPA) -- 6.5.5 Japan-Thailand EPA (JTEPA) -- 6.5.6 Japan-Vietnam EPA (JVEPA) -- 6.5.7 Comparative analysis of Japan-ASEAN EPAs -- 6.6 Policy Implications: The Developmental Perspective of Regionalism Debates -- 6.7 Summary -- Appendix 6.1 Technical Assistance Provisions in WTO Agreements -- Chapter 7: Conclusion Counter-intuitive Policy Implications for WTO-Compatible FTAs -- 7.1 Summary of Important Empirical Findings -- 7.2 Counter-intuitive Policy Implications -- References -- Index.