Phonology and Second Language Acquisition -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- Overview -- Major constructs in L2 phonology -- Organization of the volume -- References -- Theoretical issues and frameworks in L2 phonology -- Preface -- Phonological acquisition in a first language -- Introduction -- Infant speech perception -- Methods in the investigation of infant speech perception -- Findings from studies in infant speech perception -- Summary of infant speech perception -- Speech production in children -- Methods in investigations of children's speech production -- Findings from studies in children's speech production -- Summary of speech production in children -- Conclusions -- Suggested readings -- References -- Exploring the role of age in the acquisition of a second language phonology -- Introduction -- Research issues in age and L2 phonology -- What is `Accent'? -- Age, pronunciation, and other aspects of language -- The role of perception in accent production -- Comparing child L2 learners to adults -- The onset of a phonological accent -- Theoretical positions on age and L2 phonology -- Explanations for age effects in phonology -- Evaluating the models of accent acquisition -- Individual differences -- Methodological issues -- Directions for future research -- Conclusion -- Suggested readings -- References -- Transfer in second language phonology -- Introduction -- Transfer in learning: Early research -- Transfer in second language acquisition -- Early research on transfer -- Contrastive analysis -- Conditions on transfer -- Transfer in second language phonology -- Surface versus abstract transfer -- Age and experience, L1 and L2 use1 -- Similarity -- Perception2 -- Interaction of transfer and universals -- Methodological issues -- Future directions -- Conclusion -- Suggested readings.

References -- Typological markedness and second language phonology -- Introduction -- Background -- Markedness -- Markedness in second language phonology -- The markedness differential hypothesis -- Evidence for the Markedness Differential Hypothesis -- Issues surrounding the Markedness Differential Hypothesis -- The Structural Conformity Hypothesis -- Issues surrounding the Structural Conformity Hypothesis -- Methodological options and weaknesses -- Future directions -- Conclusion -- Suggested readings -- References -- Second language phonology in optimality theory -- Introduction -- Outstanding problems in L2 phonology -- Knowledge representations -- Knowledge access effects -- Basics of optimality theory -- Why optimality theory? -- Grammatical representations -- Acquisition algorithms -- Research findings in L2 phonology and OT -- Markedness effects, transfer and their interaction -- Role of prosodic constraints -- Interlanguage grammar restructuring -- Variable competence -- Perception-production asymmetry -- Summary and future directions -- Theoretical implications -- Methodological implications -- Implications for future directions -- Suggested readings -- References -- Second language speech perception and production -- Preface -- Speech perception in second language learners -- Introduction -- L1 speech perception: Development and automatization of selective perceptual processes -- L2 speech perception: Variable perceptual difficulties with non-native contrasts -- Exemplary behavioral studies of cross-language phonetic perception -- Experimental tests of phonetic perception -- Effects of experimental variables on perception of non-native contrasts -- Theoretical issues in L2 phonetic perception research -- Current models of L2 speech perception -- Empirical measures of cross-language phonetic similarity.

Cognitive mechanisms in L2 phonetic perception -- Theoretical implications of L2 phonetic perception research -- Neurobiological studies of cross-language phonetic perception -- Electrophysiological measures of discrimination -- Results of cross-language MMN studies of phonetic perception -- Theoretical and methodological issues in electrophysiological studies of phonetic perception -- Tetrahedral framework for speech perception experiments -- Conclusions -- Suggested readings -- References -- Foreign accent and speech intelligibility -- Introduction -- Foreign accent and its consequences -- The bases of accent detection -- The accent-intelligibility distinction -- The evaluation of L2 speech: Approaches, problems, and findings -- Dimensions for assessment -- Evaluating intelligibility -- Interrelationships among assessment dimensions -- Stimulus properties vs. listener factors -- Some specific implications for L2 pedagogy -- Future directions for research -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Suggested readings -- References -- L2 speech production research -- Introduction -- Review of the literature -- (Sub)segmental aspects of L2 speech production -- Suprasegmental aspects of L2 speech production -- Methodological approaches to studying L2 speech production -- Implications of L2 speech research -- Oustanding issues and future directions -- Outstanding issues -- Future directions -- Suggested readings -- References -- Social factors and variation in production in L2 phonology -- Introduction -- Literature review -- Gender -- Extent of L1/L2 use -- Social identity -- Target language variety -- Variation -- Methodological choices -- Synthesis of major findings -- Future directions -- Suggested readings -- References -- Technology, training, and curriculum -- Preface -- Training non-native language sound patterns -- Introduction.

The object of training: What needs to be learned? -- Approaches to training: What can be learned? -- General lessons and future directions -- Lesson 1 -- Lesson 2 -- Lesson 3 -- Suggested readings -- References -- Ultrasound imaging applications in second language acquisition -- Introduction -- Background -- Review of previous literature -- Research methods for ultrasound imaging in L2 acquisition -- Single participant design -- Equipment -- Stimuli -- Evaluation -- Pilot experiment: Using ultrasound in L2 speech sound training -- Discussion -- Limitations and future directions -- Conclusions -- Suggested readings -- References -- Technologies for prosody in context -- Introduction -- History and potential of L2 discourse prosody -- Integrating technology into research and instruction: Present and future -- Methodological options -- The research base -- Expanding the context of research, pedagogy, and technology for prosody -- Outstanding problems and future directions for research -- Expansion of research domain to include gestures and movement -- Remaining issues and challenges -- Future directions for technology and for research -- Conclusion -- Suggested readings -- References -- Curriculum issues in teaching pronunciation to second language learners -- Introduction -- Why teach pronunciation? -- Factors that affect success -- Pronunciation curriculum development -- Needs analysis -- Factors that influence pronunciation and intelligibility -- Instruction -- Mixed vs. same L1 classes -- Stand-alone classes vs. incorporation into the general language curriculum -- Textbooks and technology -- Measuring improvement -- Social issues -- Teacher preparation -- Future directions -- Acknowledgements -- Suggested readings -- References -- Author index -- Subject index -- The series Studies in Bilingualism.