Soils and Food Security -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Soils and Food Security: Challenges and Opportunities -- Abstract -- 1 The Role of Soils in Food Security -- 2 Key Soil Constraints to Crop and Fodder Production -- 2.1 Soil pH -- 2.2 Saline and Sodic Soils -- 2.3 Soil Strength and Structure -- 3 Contributions to Recent Increases in Crop Production -- 4 Opportunities for Sustainable Increases of Yield -- 4.1 Improved Efficiency of Resource Use -- 4.1.1 Nutrients -- 4.1.2 Water -- 4.1.3 Nutrient-Water Interactions -- 4.2 Improved Tillage -- 4.3 Improving Root Systems -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Global Soils: Preserving the Capacity for Food Production -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Distribution of Soil Resources versus Food Production -- 3 Towards Global Governance of Soil Resources -- 4 Towards Zero Net Soil Degradation -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Soil Natural Capital and Ecosystem Service Delivery in a World of Global Soil Change -- Abstract -- 1 Overview of Soil Ecosystem Services -- 1.1 Nature's Services -- 1.2 Review of the Ecosystems Approach -- 1.2.1 Ecosystem Goods and Services -- 1.2.2 Natural Capital -- 1.3 Soil Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services -- 1.4 Stock-and-flow Ecosystem Service Framework for Soils -- 2 Drivers of Global Soil Change -- 2.1 Direct Drivers of Soil Change -- 2.1.1 Physical and Biogeochemical Soil Change as a Result of Food Production -- 2.1.2 Artificial Soil Sealing by Man-made Infrastructure -- 2.2 Indirect Drivers of Soil Change -- 2.2.1 Changes in the Atmosphere -- 2.2.2 Changes in the Hydrosphere -- 2.2.3 Changes to the Lithosphere -- 2.2.4 Changes to the Biosphere -- 2.3 Mapping Global Soil Change -- 3 National Soil Change, the Countryside Survey of Great Britain -- 3.1 Carbon -- 3.2 pH -- 3.3 Nitrogen -- 3.4 Metals -- 3.5 Biodiversity.

4 Approaches to Ecosystem Service Valuation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Evaluation and Reporting of Soils in Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Measurement Tools -- 2.1 Field to Market Initiative for Sustainable Agriculture -- 2.2 Stewardship Index for Specialty Crops -- 2.3 Cool Farm Tool -- 3 Sustainability Schemes in the USA -- 3.1 California Almond Board Sustainability Program -- 3.2 Council on Sustainable Biomass Production Draft Provisional Standard for Sustainable Production of Agricultural Biomass -- 3.3 Demeter Biodynamic Farm Standard -- 3.4 Food Alliance Whole Farm/Ranch Inspection Tool -- 3.5 Wisconsin Vegetable Sustainability Standards/Healthy Farms Whole Farm Self-Assessment -- 3.6 Lodi Rules for Sustainable Winegrowing -- 3.7 USDA National Organic Program -- 3.8 Central Coast Vineyard Sustainability in Practice Certification Program -- 4 Global Sustainability Schemes -- 4.1 Basel Criteria for Responsible Soy Production -- 4.2 Better Cotton Initiative -- 4.3 European Integrated Farming Framework -- 4.4 European Union Organic Production and Labelling of Organic Products -- 4.5 Generic Fairtrade Standards for Small Producers' Organisations -- 4.6 GlobalG.A.P. Standards -- 4.7 IFOAM Norms for Organic Production and Processing -- 4.8 LEAF Marque Global Standard -- 4.9 RTRS Standard for Responsible Soy Production -- 4.10 RSB Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Biofuel Production -- 4.11 RSPO Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Palm Oil Production -- 4.12 SAN Sustainable Agriculture Standard -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Agrobiodiversity and Potential Use for Enhancing Soil Health in Tropical Soils of Africa -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of Soils in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 3 Land Degradation in Cropping Systems.

4 Soil Biology: Role of Soil Biodiversity and Functions (Ecosystem Services) -- 5 Case Studies: Effect of Management and/or Land Use Intensification -- 5.1 Soil Carbon as Fuel for Soil Organisms -- 5.2 Soil Macrofauna in Tropical Agroecosystems -- 5.3 Mesofauna -- 5.4 Beneficial Microorganisms: Soil Fertility Promoters, Plant Growth Regulators and Biocontrols -- 5.4.1 Legume Nodulating Rhizobia (LNB) -- 5.4.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) -- 5.4.3 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) -- 5.4.4 Trichoderma -- 5.4.5 Bacillus subtilis -- 5.4.6 Nematode-destroying Fungi -- 5.5 Farming Systems and Soil-borne Pests and Diseases -- 6 Mitigation of Soil Degradation through Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) Approaches: Sustainable Soil-management Practices/Systems -- 7 Biodiversity of Tropical Soils: Socioeconomic, Institutional and Policy Issues -- 7.1 Approaches to Soil Conservation: A Historical Perspective -- 7.2 Drivers of Farmers' Use of Sustainable Soil Conservation Practices -- 8 Synthesis -- References -- Organic Matter Availability and Management in the Context of Integrated Soil Fertility Management in sub-Saharan Africa -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Organic Matter in Relation to Paradigm Shifts in Tropical Soil Fertility Management -- 3 Availability and Quality of Organic Resources in African Farming Systems -- 3.1 The Organic Resource Quality Concept -- 3.2 Availability and Production of Organic Resources in African Farming Systems -- 4 Organic Matter Production and Use in the Context of ISFM -- 4.1 Organic Matter Production through ISFM -- 4.2 Interactions between Organic Matter and Fertiliser -- 4.3 Organic Matter and Local Adaptation -- 4.4 Organic Matter and Rehabilitation of Non-responsive Soils -- 5 Soil Organic Matter Status and Quality as Affected by ISFM -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Climate Change and Forest Dynamics: A Soils Perspective -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Projected Trends in Climate Change -- 2.1 General Climate Trends -- 3 Changes in Forest Dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Tropical Peat Swamp Forests -- 3.1.2 Tropical Rainforests -- 3.1.3 Temperate Forests -- 3.1.4 Alpine Forests -- 3.2 Hydrologic Responses -- 3.3 Carbon Responses -- 3.4 Nitrogen Responses -- 4 Food Security Implications of Forest and Soil Responses to Global Change -- 4.1 Anthropogenic Soil Degradation -- 4.1.1 Mechanisms of Soil Degradation -- 4.1.2 Soil Degradation Implications for Soil Carbon and Nitrogen -- 4.1.3 Repairing Soil Degradation -- 4.1.4 The Agroforestry Alternative -- 5 Soil Characteristics as Tools for Adaptive Management -- References -- Plant Nutrients -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Geological Sources of Plant Nutrients -- 1.2 Minerals in Plants -- 2 Availability of P and K Fertilisers: Supply, Demand and Price -- 3 Nutrient Audits and Fertiliser Use Statistics - Evidence of Need -- 4 Projections of Need to Support a Growing World Population -- 5 Mineral Dissolution Rates in the Soil System -- 6 Possible Alternatives to Conventional Fertiliser Products -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Soil Physical Degradation: Threats and Opportunities to Food Security -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Forms and Extent of Soil Physical Degradation -- 2.1 Soil Compaction -- 2.1.1 Extent of Compaction -- 2.2 Soil Erosion -- 2.2.1 Extent of Erosion -- 2.3 Seedbed Instability -- 2.3.1 Extent of Seedbed Damage -- 3 Measuring Soil Physical Constraints -- 4 Soil Physical Restoration and Food Security -- 4.1 Soil Cultivation -- 4.1.1 Subsoiling -- 4.1.2 Shift to Lower Input Systems -- 4.2 Biological Tillage -- 4.3 Vegetation and Root Reinforcement -- 4.4 New Technologies -- 4.5 Carbon.

5 Case Study 1 - Soil Restoration in the Loess Plateau, China -- 6 Case Study 2 - Recultivated Mine Soils, Eastern Germany (Lusatia) -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Subject Index.