Nanotechnology -- Contents -- Current and Future Applications of Nanotechnology -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 History -- 1.2 Definitions -- 1.3 Investment -- 2 Technology -- 2.1 Nanomaterials -- 2.2 Manufacturing Processes -- 2.3 Product Characteristics -- 3 Types of Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Carbon -- 3.2 Inorganic Nanotubes -- 3.3 Metals -- 3.4 Metal Oxides -- 3.5 Clays -- 3.6 Quantum Dots -- 3.7 Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy -- 3.8 Dendrimers -- 4 Bio Applications -- 5 Nanocatalysts -- 6 Nanotechnology Reports -- 6.1 Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Reports -- 6.2 Woodrow Wilson -- 7 Future Opportunities -- 7.1 Nanoroadmap -- 7.2 SusChem -- 7.3 Lux Research Market Forecast -- 8 Nanomaterials Companies -- 9 Future -- References -- Nanoparticles in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Current Knowledge -- 3 Fate and Behaviour in Natural Aquatic Systems -- 3.1 Natural and Engineered Nanoparticle Interactions -- 3.2 Structural Determination and Analysis -- 3.3 Interactions with Pollutants, Pathogens and Nutrients -- 3.4 Effects on Pollutant and Pathogen Fate and Behaviour -- 4 Issues to be Addressed -- 4.1 Sources and Sinks of Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Free and Fixed Engineered Nanoparticles -- 4.3 Nanoparticle Interactions with Naturally Occurring Material -- 4.4 Nanoparticles as Pollutants -- 4.5 Transport of Nanoparticles -- 4.6 Nanoparticles as Vectors of Pollution -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Nanoparticles in the Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources of Atmospheric Nanoparticles -- 2.1 Primary Emissions -- 2.2 Secondary Particles -- 2.3 Formation of Nanoparticles During Diesel Exhaust Dilution -- 3 Particle Size Distributions -- 3.1 Source Strength of Traffic Particles -- 3.2 Emissions from Non-Traffic Sources -- 4 Measurement of Nanoparticles in Roadside Air -- 5 Transformation and Transport of Ultrafine Particles.

6 Measurements of Particle Number Concentration in the Atmosphere -- 7 Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Nanoparticles -- 8 Indoor/Outdoor Relationships of Nanoparticles -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Occupational Exposure to Nanoparticles and Nanotubes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scientific Framework for Assessing Exposure to Nanoparticles -- 2.1 Terminology and Definitions -- 2.2 Routes of Exposure -- 2.3 Metric to be used for Assessing Exposure to Airborne Nanoparticles -- 3 Review of Methods for Assessing Exposure to Nanoparticles -- 3.1 General -- 3.2 Mass Concentration -- 3.3 Number Concentration -- 3.4 Surface Area Concentrations -- 3.5 Nanoparticle Size Distribution Measurement -- 3.6 Particle Sampling Techniques for Characterisation -- 3.7 Do Nanotubes Require Special Techniques? -- 3.8 Sampling Strategy Issues -- 4 Review of Reported Measurements of Exposure to Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Measurements of Nanoparticle Exposures in Existing Industries -- 4.3 Measurements of Nanoparticle Exposures in New Nanotechnology Processes -- 5 Discussion -- References -- Toxicological Properties of Nanoparticles and Nanotubes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Air Pollution Particles -- 2.1 Effects of Environmental Particles -- 2.2 Nanoparticles as the Drivers of Environment Particle Effects -- 3 Could Cardiovascular Effects of PM be Due to CDNP? -- 4 Is the Environmental Nanoparticle Paradigm Applicable to Engineered NPs? -- 4.1 The Nature of Newer Manufactured Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Carbon Black and TiO2 -- 4.3 Nanoparticles and the Brain -- 4.4 New Engineered NPs and the Cardiovascular System -- 4.5 Carbon Nanotubes -- 4.6 Fullerenes -- 4.7 Quantum Dots -- 4.8 Other Nanoparticles -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Human Effects of Nanoparticle Exposure -- 1 The Regulatory Issues -- 1.1 Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies per se.

1.2 Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies in Context of Dangerous Substances Generally -- 2 Current Issues and Knowledge Gaps -- 2.1 Toxicology of Nanoparticles -- 2.2 NP Characterisation -- 2.3 Epidemiology -- 2.4 Human Challenge Studies -- 3 Discussion: Risk Assessment of Engineered NPs -- References -- Nanoparticle Safety - A Perspective from the United States -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The US National Nanotechnology Initiative -- 3 Federal Government Activities in Support of "Safe" Nanotechnology -- 4 Industry and Other Non-government Activities in Support of "Safe" Nanotechnology -- 5 Looking to the Future - Ensuring the Development of "Safe" Nanotechnology -- References -- Subject Index.