Alternatives To Animal Testing -- Contents -- General Overview of the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Legislation and Regulatory Requirements -- 3 The Regulatory Paradigm -- 4 The Interface between Toxicology and Risk Assessment -- 5 Interpreting Toxicology -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- International Validation and Barriers to the Validation of Alternative Tests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background to the Validation Process -- 3 The Validation Process -- 4 Problems being Encountered in Implementing the Validation Process -- 5 The Need for an Invalidation Process -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- In Vitro Testing for Endocrine Disruptors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 In Silico Approaches -- 3 In Vitro Tests for EDs -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Intelligent Approaches to Safety Evaluation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hazardous Properties Assessment -- 3 Risk Assessment -- 4 Existing Studies and Literature Data -- 5 Surrogate Data: Calculation, Read Across and SAR/QSAR -- 6 Alternatives to Animal Toxicology Studies -- 7 Data Waivers -- 8 Expert Reports and Weight of Evidence -- 9 Preliminary Risk Assessments -- 10 EU Registration, Evaluation and Registration Scheme (REACH) -- 11 Data for REACH -- 12 Regulatory Planning & Liaison with the Regulators -- 13 Common Themes -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Alternative Tests and the 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Current Approaches to Risk Assessment for Cosmetics -- 3 7th Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive (76/768/EEC) -- 4 Status of Alternative Tests -- 5 Endpoints where Risk Assessment for Cosmetics can be Achieved without using Animal Data.

6 Endpoints where Risk Assessment for Cosmetics cannot currently be Achieved without using Animal Data -- 7 New Approaches to Risk Assessment without Animals -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- References -- Subject Index.