GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE SAFETY EVALUATION OF CHEMICALS / Paul Illing -- Introduction -- Legislation and regulatory requirements -- The regulatory paradigm -- The interface between toxicology and risk assessment -- Interpreting toxicology -- Conclusions -- References -- INTERNATIONAL VALIDATION AND BARRIERS TO THE VALIDATION OF ALTERNATIVE TESTS / Michael Balls -- Introduction -- Background to the validation process -- The validation process -- Problems being encountered in implementing the validation process -- The need for an invalidation process -- Concluding remarks -- References -- IN VITRO TESTING FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS / Robert D. Combes -- Introduction -- In silico approaches -- In vitro tests for EDs -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- iNTELLIGENT APPROACHES TO SAFETY EVALUATION / Derek J. Knight -- Introduction -- Hazardous properties assessment -- Risk assessment -- Existing studies and literature data -- Surrogate data: calculation, read across and SAR/QSAR -- Alternatives to animal toxicology studies -- Data waivers -- Expert reports and weight of evidence -- Preliminary risk assessments -- EU Registration, Evaluation and Registration Scheme (REACH) -- Data for REACH -- Regulatory planning & liaison with the regulators -- Common themes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- ALTERNATIVE TESTS AND THE 7TH AMENDMENT TO THE COSMETICS DIRECTIVE / Carl Westmoreland -- Introduction -- Overview of current approaches to risk assessment for cosmetics -- 7th Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive (76/768/EEC) -- Status of alternative tests -- Endpoints where risk assessment for cosmetics can be achieved without using animal data -- Endpoints where risk assessment for cosmetics cannot currently be achieved without using animal data -- New approaches to risk assessment without animals -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References.