First Cover -- Foreword -- Table of contents -- Health Care Financing -- International Comparison of the Hospital Sector -- Table of Contents -- Description of the main methods of hospital payment -- Comparative analysis of acute care hospitals -- Internationally, have acute care hospitals experienced a decrease in their share of total health expenditures? -- Which components of the health sector have experienced an increase in their share of total health expenditures? -- Do the wealthier countries spend relatively more on acute care hospitals than other countries? -- Does the quantity of physical resources have an impact on the use of acute care hospitals? -- Summary and conclusion -- Bibliography -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Controlling Health Expenditures: What Matters -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- Change in expenditures in thirteen OECD countries -- Regressions -- Linear Regressions -- Logarithmic Regressions -- Analysis -- Change in per Capita Health Expenditures in Relation to the per Capita GDP -- Change in the Percentage of the GDP Allocated to Health in Relation to the per Capita GDP -- Explanation of the deviation in health expenditures from the average of the thirteen countries studied -- Factors Associated with Health Demand -- Population 65 Years and Older -- Mortality Rate/1,000 Inhabitants -- Macroorganizational Factors -- Percentage of Public Financing -- Number of Sources of Financing -- Degree of Centralization -- Microorganizational Factors -- Hospital Sector -- Ambulatory Sector -- Medical Sector -- Pharmaceutical Costs -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Appendix -- Managing Pharmaceutical Expenditures: How Canada Compares -- Table of Contents -- Methodology -- Cross-country Comparison of Per Capita Pharmaceutical Expenditures.

Cross-country Comparison of Drug Expenditures as a Percentage of Total Health Expenditures -- Cross-country Comparison of Pharmaceutical Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP -- Cross-country Comparison of the Relationship of Pharmaceutical Expenditures to Wealth -- Cross-country Comparison of Drug Use -- Cross-country Comparison of Drug Sector Structures -- Cross-country Comparison of Health Indices -- Discussion -- Bibliography -- Appendix -- Health Spending and Health Status: An International Comparison -- Table of Contents -- Health care spending among OECD countries -- Does Canada Spend More on Health than Other Industrialized Countries? -- Public versus Private Health Care Expenditures -- Are Canada's Public Health Care Expenditures Higher than Other Countries? -- The relationship betwen health spending and health status -- Do Countries that Spend More on Health Care Have Better Health Status? -- Health Spending and Life Expectancy -- Other forms of social spending that may influence health status -- Income Security Spending and Health Status -- Income Inequality, Poverty, and Health Status -- Trends over time -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- How Canada's Health Care System Compares with That of Other Countries: An Overview -- Table of contents -- Descriptive Analysis of the Various Health Care Systems -- Epidemiological and Demographic Data -- Combined Life Expectancy (Men and Women) -- Infant Mortality (Rate for 100 Births) -- Percentage of Persons Older than 65 Years -- Capacity of Service Supply -- Number of Beds per 1,000 Inhabitants -- Number of Physicians per 1,000 Inhabitants -- Health Expenditures -- Health Expenditures Expressed as a Percentage of GDP and in PPP -- Percentage of Public and Private Expenditures on Health -- Regressions on Health Expenditures in Relation to GDP -- State of Health, Cost Control, and Performance of System.

Composite Index of the Costs of the System -- Presentation of the Index -- Analysis of the Results -- Composite Index of the State of Health of the Population -- Presentation of the Index -- Analysis of the Results -- Composite Index of the System's Performance -- Presentation of the Index -- Analysis of the Results -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Appendix -- International Comparisons of Health Expenditures -- Table of contents -- The Different Measurements of Health Expenditures -- Diversity of Monetary Conversions -- Exchange Rate and Nominal Health Expenditures -- Purchasing Power Parity (GDP) and Real Health Expenditures -- Purchasing Power Parity (Health) and Quantities of Care Consumed -- Health Expenditures and GDP -- The Health Expenditures/GDP Ratio -- Change in Health Expenditures and the GDP -- Prices and Quantities -- Impact of Prices and Quantities -- Real GDP -- Expenditures -- Quantities -- Prices -- Results of Other Studies -- Methods -- Results -- A Look at the Method -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- The Impact of Health Care Infrastructures and Human Resources on Health Expenditures -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- Breakdown of Expenditures and Resource Configurations -- Breakdown of Expenditures between the Main Sectors -- Hospital Services -- Human Resources -- Personnel -- Level of Remuneration -- Configurations of Countries Successful and Unsuccessful in Controlling Expenditures -- Comparisons between the Two Groups of Countries -- Organizational Strategies Relating to Physicians -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Health Care Expenditures and the Aging Population in Canada -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- The Aging Population and the Cost of Health Care in Canada -- Intensity of Treatment -- Technology -- Social Changes -- Drug Therapy -- System Inefficiencies.

System of Care for the Elderly in Sweden and the United Kingdom -- Care of the Elderly in Canada -- Strategy for the Development of a System of Care for the Frail Elderly in Canada -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Puzzling Issues in Health Care Financing -- Table of Contents -- Question One: Introduction and Summary -- Overview of Data -- Hypotheses -- Choosing the Comparator Matters -- Measurement of Health Expenditures Is Hardly an Exact Science -- Discussion -- Question Two (Supplementary Question): The Case of the United KIngdom -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- APPENDIX -- Commentary on Health Care Expenditures, Social Spending and Health Status -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- Overview of the Data -- Hypotheses -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- International Comparisons -- National Goals and the Federal Role in Health Care -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- National and Provincial Goals in Health Care -- Efficiency -- Equity -- Constraints -- National Objectives and the Canada Health Act -- Federal Levers in Health Care -- Summary -- National Goals and Federal Instruments: Options for Upholding National Health Care Principles -- Federal Legal Authority -- Potential Nonfinancial Routes for Federal Intervention -- Other Levers -- Models of Financial Partnership -- Option 1 - Maintaining a Cash Transfer -- Option 2 - Conditional Revenue Sharing -- Option 3 - Direct Funding -- Option 4 - Tax Credit/Reimbursement Arrangements -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- The Public-Private Mix in Health Care -- Table of contents -- Objectives -- Understanding the Basis for the Current Public-Private Mix of Services -- Appropriate Role of the Public Sector versus the Private Sector -- Public and private -- How Does Health Care Differ from Other Markets? -- Financing.

Delivery -- Allocation -- Interrelationship among Financing, Delivery, and Allocation -- Legislative and Regulatory Framework -- Historical Roots: The Constitution and the Growth of Shared-Cost Programs -- Current Legislative and Regulatory Framework -- The Canada Health Act -- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms -- Provincial and International Legislation and Regulations -- The case of Canada: selected data on the extent of the public-private mix -- Financing -- Total Health Spending -- Total Public Spending for Health -- Total Provincial Spending for Health -- Total Private Spending for Health -- Health Spending by Particular Sectors -- Delivery -- Allocation -- Case studies of some experiences with different models -- Hospitals -- Private Clinics -- Physician Services -- Deinsurance of Medical Procedures -- Automobile Insurance and Rehabilitative Services in Ontario -- Travel Health Insurance -- Paying for Pharmaceuticals -- Private Insurance in Australia -- Evaluating the models: equity, efficiency, security, and liberty -- Conceptual Issues and Historical Debate -- Balancing Social and Political Values with Technical and Administrative Values -- Evaluation Criteria -- Financing -- Delivery -- Allocation -- Frameworks for making decisions about what should and what should not be insured -- Canada Health Act Model -- Adequacy of CHA Definitions of Comprehensiveness -- Views of the Private Role -- Services That Governments Believe They Should Not Be Paying For -- Services That Would Ideally Be Insured -- Processes for Insuring and Deinsuring -- Examination of Canada Health Act Model -- Oregon Model -- Netherlands Model -- Four-Screen Model (Deber-Ross) -- Cost Minimization -- Social Values -- Advance Knowledge -- The Model in Practice -- CMA Core and Comprehensiveness Project -- Examination of Four-Screen Model and CMA Approaches.

Summary of Models.