INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE KURDISTAN REGION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- FOREWORD BY THE MINISTER OF WATER RESOURCES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT -- 1.1. BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM -- 1.2. THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS PROJECT -- 1.3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS PROJECT -- 1.4. ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT -- 1.5. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES -- ABSTRACT -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. THE EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE -- 2.3. HYDRO-POLITICS AND WATER SHARING CONFLICTS RESOLUTION -- 2.3.1. Measures in Water Resource Disputes -- 2.4. URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PRICE AND INVESTMENT POLICIES -- 2.5. IRRIGATION EXTERNALITIES AND CONTROL MECHANISMS -- 2.6. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES OF WASTEWATER RE-USE -- 2.7. MODELS AND METHODS USED IN EVALUATION OF POLICIES, PRICING AND FORECASTS -- 2.8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- A COMPARATIVE REGIONAL STUDY OF WATER RESOURCES -- ABSTRACT -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. INDICATORS OF WATER RESOURCES -- A. Different Sectors Share of GDP -- B. Land, Irrigation, Forest, Livestock Production and Fertilizer Consumption -- C. Urban Population -- D. Electricity Production -- E. Tourism and Private Investment in Water -- F. Improved Sanitation Facilities and Water Resources -- G. Emissions and Organic Water Pollutants -- H. Industrial Sub-Sector Water Pollution -- 3.3. SUMMARY OF THE COMPARATIVE REGIONAL STUDY -- KURDISTAN REGION WATER RESOURCES IN AN HISTORICAL AND REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE -- ABSTRACT -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. GROUNDWATER IN THE KURDISTAN REGION -- A. History and Landscape of Iraq -- B. Groundwater in Kurdistan -- C. Benefits and Limitations of Groundwater -- D. The Effect of Pollution on Groundwater -- D.1. Decades of Wars, Destruction and Neglect.

D.2. Agriculture Waste and Pollution -- D.3. Household Waste in Both Urban and Rural Areas -- D.4. Industrial Waste Material -- 4.3. SURFACE WATER IN KURDISTAN -- A. Historical Background -- B. Major Tigris Tributaries in Kurdistan -- B.1. Greater Zab Tributary in Hawler -- B.2. Lesser Zab Tributary -- B.3. Khabur Tributary -- B.4. Sirwan Tributary -- B.5. Awa Spy (Udhem) -- C. Springs in Kurdistan -- C.1. Springs in Hawler Governorate -- C.2. Springs in Sulaimanyah Governorate -- C.3. Springs in Duhok Governorate -- D. Measuring the Flow of Water in Rivers and Springs -- E. Maximum and Minimum Discharge of Rivers and Springs in Kurdistan -- F. Average Rate of Rain and Snowfall in the Kurdistan Region Governorates -- 4.4. DAMS AND RESERVIORS -- A. Historical Background of Dams in Iraq -- B. Dams and Reservoirs in Kurdistan Region -- C. The Socioeconomic Impacts of Dams -- D. Major Dams in the Kurdistan Region -- E. Dams under Construction -- F. Future Dams in Kurdistan Region -- 4.5. WASTE WATER TREATMENT -- 4.6. SUMMARY -- CURRENT STATE OF WATER RESOURCES IN KURDISTAN REGION∗ -- ABSTRACT -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. SOURCES OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE KURDISTAN REGION -- 5.3. QUANTITIES AND QUALITIES OF WATER RESOURCES -- A. Quantity of Water in the Rivers and Springs -- B. Rain- and Snowfall in the Kurdistan Region -- C. The Groundwater Sources and Quantities Available -- 5.4. CURRENT ALLOCATION OF WATER BY SUB-SECTORS -- A. Agricultural Sector -- B. Industry Sector -- C. Household Sector -- D. The Major Factors Causing Water Shortages -- E. Water Management in the Region -- 5.5. OPTIMALITY IN ALLOCATION OF WATER BY USERS -- A. Agriculture in a Governorate Perspective -- B. Industry Sector -- C. Household Sector -- 5.6. SUMMARY OF SOURCES AND QUANTITIES OF WATER -- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN USERS OF WATER RESOURCES -- ABSTRACT -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION.

6.2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR -- A. An Introduction to Agriculture and Irrigation -- B. Agricultural Types of Crops and Their Demand for Water -- C. Water Saving Techniques and Water Consumption -- D. Dams -- E. Water Pollution -- F. Regulations and Policies for Water Savings and Consumption -- 6.3. DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR -- A. Industrial Sector and Water Demand -- B. Major Industries in the Kurdistan Region -- C. The Industrial Sector Data -- D. The Safety and Stability of Drinking Water -- 6.4. DEVELOPMENT OF RECREATIONAL, TOURISM AND OTHER SERVICES -- A. Introduction to Tourism -- B. Economic Impacts of Tourism -- C. Impact of Tourism on Water Consumption and Environment -- D. The Tourism Industry and Increased Water Demand and UrbanDevelopment -- 6.5. DEVELOPMENT OF POPULATION AND ITS CONCENTRATION -- A. Introduction to Population and Water Demand in Kurdistan Region -- B. The Demand of Water -- C. Water Conditions in Sulaimanyah City -- D. Water Conditions in Hawler City -- 6.6. GENDER AND WATER RESOURCES -- A. Female Responsibilities -- B. Females in Rural Areas -- C. Females in Urban Areas -- D. Female, Pollutions and Health -- 6.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- A NEW WATER RESOURCES PLAN AND POLICIES FOR THE KURDISTAN REGION -- ABSTRACT -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION TO WATER PLAN AND POLICIES -- 7.2. PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND INVESTMENTS IN WATER RESOURCES -- 7.3. WATER RESOURCE LAWS AND REGULATIONS -- A. Water Laws -- B. Goals and Strategies of Water Resources -- C. Irrigation Laws -- 7.4. WATER RESOURCE STATISTICS AND QUALITY MONITORING -- A. Databases and Monitoring the Quality of Water -- B. The Efficient Way for Using Water -- C. Potential Benefits -- D. Identifying Demand and Supply Problems -- E. Water Conservation Methods -- F. Suggestions for Regulating Water Use.

7.5. PERIODICAL AND SERIAL PUBLICATIONS ON WATER RESOURCES -- A. Periodical Publications -- B. Statistics, Research and Their Dissemination -- C. Research Funds and External Collaboration -- 7.6. ANNUAL FORECASTS FOR SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER -- A. Economics of Water Resources Market -- B. Demand and Supply for Water Resources -- C. The Role of Price in the Market -- D. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Government Interventions -- E. Determinants of Public Policy -- F. Forecasts of Supply of and Demand for Water -- Non-Parametric Approach -- Parametric Approach -- A Comparison of the Two Approaches -- 7.7. REALITIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE REGION35 -- A. Job Market and Training -- B. Economic Plan and Policies -- C. Capacity Building -- D. Development Strategy -- E. Firm and Household Taxation and Financial Markets -- 7.8. SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND VULNERABILITY IN USE OF WATER -- A. A General Perspective on Self-Sufficiency -- B. Self-Sufficiency in the Use of Water Resources -- 7.9. A PROPOSED NEW WATER RESOURCES PLAN AND POLICIES -- A. Data, Research and Publications -- Data Collection and Processing -- Research and Development -- Seminars, Workshops and Conferences -- Statistics, Research and Their Dissemination -- B. Laws and Common Pool Relations -- Water Plan and Policies -- Water and Environmental Laws -- Legal Team Setups -- Monitoring Upstream and Downstream Water Activities -- C. Project Evaluation and Collaboration -- Cost-Benefit Analysis -- Priority Projects Based on Social and Economic Preferences -- Industrial Development of the Region -- S&T-Based Development -- Industrial Strategy of Self-Sufficiency -- Industrial Policy Orientation -- National Development Policy -- D. Water Policies and Incentives -- Pricing Water -- Experience in Water Management -- Introduction of Recycle Deposits and Incentives.

Media and Public Educational Programs -- Seasonal Neighborhood Cleaning Programs -- E. The Role of Water in Sustainable Development -- Coordination of Water, Agriculture and Industry Activities -- Equality in Distribution of Investment Resources -- Separation of Politics-Public-Private Relationships -- F. Capability and Skill Upgrading -- Education, Wages and Productivity of Labor -- Labor Market Policy Measures and Incentives -- Skill Upgrading and Training of Civil Servants -- 7.10. RESOURCES NEEDED AND COSTS OF IMPLEMENTING THE POLICIES -- 7.11. SUMMARY OF WATER RESOURCES PLAN AND POLICIES -- Public Infrastructure for Development -- Existing Water Laws, Regulations and Monitoring Quality -- Data, Research and Conference Activities -- Public Water Project Procedures -- Forecasts of Supply and Demand for Water Resources -- Self-Sufficiency and Vulnerability -- New Challenges in Management of Water Resources -- New Water Plan and Policies -- Legal Water Resources Team -- Governance and Water Resources -- Region-Specific Water Policies and Incentives -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE KURDISTAN REGION -- 8.1. THE BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES -- 8.2. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON WATER RESOURCES -- 8.3. THE MENA REGION'S WATER CONDITIONS -- 8.4. THE REGION'S WATER CONDITIONS IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- 8.5. CURRENT STATE OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE REGION -- 8.6. MAIN CONSUMERS OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE REGION -- 8.7. WATER PLAN AND POLICIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES -- 9.1. BACKGROUND HISTORY -- 9.2. THE MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES -- 9.3. THE OBJECTIVES TO BE CARRIED OUT -- 9.4. THE MINISTER'S FUNCTIONS AND POWERS -- 9.5. SOME STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF MOWR -- 9.6. PROBLEMS FACING MOWR AND THEIR POSSIBLE REMEDIES -- REFERENCES -- INTERNET RESOURCES -- STATISTIC MATERIALS.

INDEX.