ENGINEERING MATERIALS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction to biomaterials engineering and processing - an overview (S. H. Teoh) -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Requirements of biomaterials -- 1.3 Classification of biomaterials -- 1.4 Mechanical properties of biomaterials -- 1.5 Effects of processing on properties biomaterials -- 1.5.1 Effect of post processing and grain size -- 1.5.2 Effect of molding conditions and irradiation on polymeric wear -- 1.5.3 Effect of composite lamination -- 1.6 Tissue engineering - new wave in biomaterials engineering -- 1.6.1 Need for organ and tissue replacement -- 1.6.2 Limitation of current technologies -- 1.6.3 Platform technology development in tissue engineering -- 1.6.4 Tissue engineering issues and challenges -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Durability of metallic implant materials (M. Sumita and S. H. Teoh) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Typical metallic biomaterials -- 2.2.1 Stainless steels -- 2.2.2 Cobalt-chromium alloys -- 2.2.3 Titanium and its alloys -- 2.2.4 Nickel-titanium alloys -- 2.3 Body environment to metallic materials -- 2.4 Life of implanted metallic materials -- A. Degree of damages to implanted metallic materials due to the human body environment -- B. Degree of damages to the human body caused by implanted metallic materials -- 2.5 Corrosion, wear/fretting and fatigue -- 2.5.1 Fatigue testing method -- 2.5.2 Notes for fatigue/fretting fatigue tests -- 2.5.3 Corrosion fatigue -- 2.5.4 Fretting corrosion fatigue -- 2.5.4.1 Fretting fatigue -- 2.5.4.2 Metallic ions release from fretted side -- 2.5.4.3 Fatigue and fretting fatigue strengths at high cycle for typical metallic biomaterials in pseudo-body fluid -- (a) Friction coefficient between the specimen and the pad.

(b) Relative site of the boundary between stick and slip regions at the fretted area of the specimen -- (c) Corrosion pits formed on the fresh metal surface of the fretted area -- (d) Hydrogen generated on the stick regions -- (e) Paring off the micro cracks initiated at the fretted areas -- (f) Temperature rise on the fretted areas in PBS(-) -- 2.5.4.4 Some failures of implants -- 2.6 Toxicity reaction to metallic implants -- 2.7 Metallic biomaterials for the future -- References -- 3 Corrosion of metallic implants (D. J. Blackwood, K. H. W. Seah and S. H. Teoh) -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Corrosion theory -- 3.2.1 Basic thermodynamics of corrosion -- 3.2.1.1 The Nernst equation -- 3.2.1.2 Standard potentials (E ) and the electrochemical series -- 3.2.1.3 Potential-pH equilibrium diagrams (Pourbaix diagrams) -- 3.2.2 Basic electrochemistry -- 3.2.2.1 Electrode reactions -- 3.2.2.2 Electron transfer -- 3.2.2.3 Kinetics of electron transfer -- 3.2.2.4 Mixed potential theory -- 3.2.2.5 Cathodic reactions -- Oxygen Reduction -- Hydrogen Evolution Reaction -- Definition of Anaerobic Corrosion -- 3.2.2.6 Nature of electrode reactions -- 3.2.3 Passivation -- 3.2.3.1 Electrochemical behavior of active/passive metals -- 3.2.3.2 Nature of passive film -- 3.2.3.3 Influence of cathodic supporting reactions -- 3.3 Types of corrosion -- 3.3.1 General corrosion -- 3.3.2 Localized corrosion -- 3.3.2.1 Pitting corrosion -- 3.3.2.2 Crevice corrosion -- 3.3.2.3 Stress corrosion cracking -- 3.3.2.4 Corrosion fatigue -- 3.3.2.5 Fretting corrosion and mechanical wear -- 3.3.3 Galvanic corrosion (bimetallic corrosion) -- 3.3.4 Selective leaching -- 3.3.5 Intergranular attack -- 3.3.6 Influence of cold-working -- 3.4 Environments encountered in biomedical applications -- 3.4.1 Surgical implants -- 3.4.2 Dental applications.

3.5 Common metals and alloys used in biomedical applications -- 3.5.1 Surgical implants -- 3.5.1.1 Stainless steel -- 3.5.1.2 Cobalt-chromium alloys -- 3.5.1.3 Titanium and titanium alloys -- 3.5.1.4 Porous titanium -- 3.5.1.5 Nickel-titanium alloy -- 3.5.2 Dental materials -- 3.5.2.1 Amalgams -- 3.5.2.2 Rare earth magnets -- 3.6 Detection methods -- 3.7 Corrosion prevention -- 3.7.1 Coatings and surface treatment -- 3.7.2 Quality control -- 3.7.3 Reduce risk of galvanic corrosion -- 3.7.4 Handling/Sterilization/Assembly -- 3.7.5 Education -- 3.8 Case histories -- Case Study A -- Case Study B -- Case Study C -- Case Study D -- Case Study E -- Case Study F -- 3.9 Summary and conclusions -- References -- 4 Surface modification of metallic biomaterials (T. Hanawa) -- 4.1 Surface of metals -- 4.2 Surface oxide film -- 4.2.1 Titanium -- 4.2.2 Titanium alloys -- 4.2.3 Stainless steel -- 4.2.4 Co-Cr-Mo alloy -- 4.2.5 Noble metal alloys -- 4.3 Reconstruction of surface oxide film -- 4.3.1 Titanium -- 4.3.2 Titanium alloys -- 4.3.3 Stainless steel -- 4.3.4 Co-Cr-Mo alloy -- 4.4 Adsorption of proteins -- 4.5 Adhesion of cells -- 4.6 Surface modification -- 4.6.1 Purpose -- 4.6.2 Dry process -- 4.6.3 Hydro-process -- 4.7 Apatite film formation -- 4.7.1 Apatite formation with dry process -- 4.7.2 Apatite formation with hydro-process -- 4.8 Surface-modified layer for bone formation -- 4.8.1 Immersion in alkaline solution and heating -- 4.8.2 Immersion in hydrogen peroxide solution -- 4.8.3 Immersion and hydrothermal treatment in calcium-containing solution -- 4.8.4 Calcium ion implantation -- 4.9 Titanium oxide layer formation -- 4.10 Titanium nitride layer formation -- 4.11 Modification with biomolecules and polymers -- 4.12 Morphological modification -- 4.13 Surface analysis -- 4.14 Future of surface engineering of metallic biomaterials -- References.

5 Biorestorative materials in dentistry (A. U. J. Yap) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ceramics -- 5.2.1 Inorganic salts (dental cements) -- 5.2.2 Crystalline and non-crystalline ceramics -- 5.3 Polymers -- 5.3.1 Rigid polymers -- 5.3.2 Polymer composites -- 5.4 Metals -- 5.4.1 Alloys -- 5.4.2 Intermetallic compounds -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Bioceramics: an introduction (B. Ben-Nissan and G. Pezzotti) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General concepts in bioceramics -- 6.3 Bioceramics and production methods -- 6.4 Bioinert ceramics in articulation -- 6.4.1 Alumina ceramics -- 6.4.2 Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) -- 6.4.3 New modified zirconia implants -- 6.5 Bioresorbable and bioactive ceramics -- 6.5.1 Calcium phosphates for bone replacement applications -- 6.5.2 Simulated body fluid (SBF) -- 6.5.3 Coralline apatites -- 6.5.4 Calcium phosphate coatings -- 6.5.5 Synthetic bone graft ceramics -- 6.5.6 Bioglasses and glass-ceramics -- 6.6 Nano-bioceramics, composites and hybrids -- 6.6.1 Nanoapatite-polymer fiber composites -- 6.6.2 Bioceramics in in situ radiotherapy and hyperthermia -- 6.6.3 Bone cement composites -- 6.6.4 Biomimetic hybrid composites -- 6.7 Design with bioceramics -- 6.8 Future of bioceramics -- References -- 7 Polymeric hydrogels (J. Li) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Definition and classification of hydrogels -- 7.2.1 Definition of hydrogels -- 7.2.2 Classification of hydrogels -- 7.3 Chemical hydrogels and their biomedical applications -- 7.3.1 Copolymerization of monomer with cross-linker -- 7.3.2 Cross-linking of water-soluble polymers -- 7.4 Physical hydrogels and their biomedical applications -- 7.4.1 Natural biopolymer hydrogels -- 7.4.2 Thermo-shrinking hydrogels -- 7.4.3 Amphiphilic triblock copolymer hydrogels -- 7.4.4 Other novel synthetic copolymer physical hydrogels -- 7.4.5 Polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels.

7.4.6 Supramolecular hydrogels formed by cyclodextrins and polymers -- References -- 8 Bioactive ceramic-polymer composites for tissue replacement (M. Wang) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structure and properties of bone -- 8.3 Bioceramics and biopolymers -- 8.3.1 Bioactive ceramics -- 8.3.2 Biocompatible polymers -- 8.4 Hydroxyapatite reinforced polyethylene composites for bone replacement -- 8.4.1 Combining hydroxyapatite and polyethylene for bioactive bone analogues -- 8.4.2 Manufacture of hydroxyapatite/polyethylene composites -- 8.4.3 Structure of hydroxyapatite/polyethylene composites -- 8.4.4 Mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite/polyethylene composites -- 8.4.5 In vitro and in vivo assessments -- 8.4.6 Clinical applications -- 8.4.7 Enhanced hydroxyapatite/polyethylene composites -- 8.5 Other bioceramic-polymer composites for medical applications -- 8.6 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Composites in biomedical applications (Z. M. Huang and S. Ramakrishna) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biomedical applications -- 9.2.1 Bone plates -- 9.2.2 Intramedullary nails -- 9.2.3 Spine instrumentation -- 9.2.4 Total hip replacement (THR) -- 9.2.5 Bone grafts -- 9.2.6 Dental materials -- 9.2.7 Prosthetic sockets -- 9.2.8 Tendons and ligaments -- 9.2.9 Vascular grafts -- 9.3 Composite fabrication -- 9.3.1 Filament winding -- 9.3.2 Pultrusion -- 9.3.3 Extrusion -- 9.3.4 Injection molding -- 9.3.5 Compression molding -- 9.3.6 Thermoforming -- 9.3.7 A fabrication example -- 9.4 Mechanics of composites -- 9.4.1 RVE and effective property -- 9.4.2 Moduli of UD composite - rule of mixture approach -- 9.4.3 Strengths of UD composite - bridging model formulae -- 9.4.3.1 Longitudinal tensile strength -- 9.4.3.2 Transverse tensile strength -- 9.4.3.3 In-plane shear strength -- 9.4.4 Example -- Solution -- A) Longitudinal Strength.

B) Transverse Strength.