Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Series Foreword -- Preface -- About the Companion Website -- Chapter 1 Nature, Purpose and Implications of Research in Nutrition -- 1.1 Introduction: The defining characteristic -- 1.2 Simplicity to complexity -- The nature of nutritional science -- Maintaining integrity - the science of nutrition -- Structured organisation -- 1.3 Structure and function: Appreciating complexity -- The individual as an organised system -- The demand -- Meeting the demand (supply) -- Failing to meet the demand -- Limiting nutrients -- Endogenous formation: Proteins and amino acids, building blocks and regulators -- Microbiome -- 1.4 The integrated system -- Normal growth and development -- Adaptation -- The individual: A component of society as an organised system -- 1.5 Developing nutritional research -- Toolboxes -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Reference -- Chapter 2 Study Design: Population-Based Studies -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ecological studies -- Methods -- A classic example -- A recent example -- Analysis of ecological data -- Problems with ecological analyses -- 2.3 Cross-sectional studies -- A recent example -- Methods -- Analysis of cross-sectional data -- Problems with cross-sectional studies -- 2.4 Case-control studies -- Example case-control study -- Methods -- Analysis of case-control data -- Problems with case-control studies -- 2.5 Prospective longitudinal studies -- Examples -- Methods -- Analysis of cohort data -- Problems with longitudinal studies -- 2.6 Confounding -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References and further reading -- Chapter 3 Study Design: Intervention Studies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Intervention study types -- Pilot studies -- Randomised controlled trials: Parallel and cross-over -- Quasi-experimental studies -- Population-based fortification studies.

3.3 Considerations when planning intervention studies -- Hypothesis -- Duration -- Intervention nutrient, food or diet -- Outcome measures -- Selection of participants: Eligibility criteria -- Statistical considerations -- Ethical approval and study registration -- Recruitment and participant flow -- Data collection -- Compliance -- Statistical analysis -- Interpretation -- Roles and responsibilities of the research team -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References and further reading -- Chapter 4 Methods to Determine Dietary Intake -- 4.1 Challenges to assessing and monitoring dietary intake -- 4.2 Traditional dietary assessment methods -- Description of methodologies -- Main applications of traditional dietary assessment methods -- 4.3 Innovative dietary assessment methods and technologies -- Description of innovative dietary assessment methods and technologies -- Validity and reproducibility of innovative dietary assessment methods and technologies -- Application of innovative dietary assessment methods and technologies -- 4.4 Measurement errors in dietary intake -- Random within-person error -- Random between-person error -- Systematic within-person errors -- Systematic between-person errors -- How to reduce measurement errors at the data-collection stage -- Evaluating measurement errors in dietary intake -- Correcting random and systematic measurement errors at the stage of data analysis -- 4.5 Multivariate analyses of dietary intake -- Dietary patterns -- Methods to derive dietary patterns -- Strengths and limitations of dietary pattern approaches -- 4.6 An integrated approach for assessing and analysing dietary intake -- Combining different dietary intake assessment methods -- Food composition tables and food matching -- References and further reading -- Chapter 5 Food Composition -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sectors.

5.3 The Organizational Elements -- The international level -- The regional level -- The national level -- 5.4 Technical elements -- Data generation -- Data compilation -- Data dissemination -- Data use -- 5.5 Limitations -- References and further reading -- Chapter 6 Biomarkers of Intake -- 6.1 Introduction: Biochemical markers of intake -- 6.2 Types of biomarkers and their application -- Recovery biomarkers -- Concentration biomarkers -- Predictive biomarkers -- Functional markers -- 6.3 Specific biomarkers -- Macronutrient and energy intake -- Fibre and wholegrain -- Micronutrient intake -- Other compounds -- Foods, food groups and dietary patterns -- 6.4 Methodological considerations -- Specimens -- Sample collection and storage -- Sample stability -- Analytical methods -- 6.5 Biomarker development -- 6.6 Biomarker validation -- Relationship with intake -- Free-living individuals -- Validation without intervention studies -- 6.7 Interpretation of results -- Limitations and other considerations -- Correlation between intake and biomarker -- Biomarkers to improve measurement -- Biomarkers to monitor compliance -- 6.8 Outlook -- References and further reading -- Chapter 7 Methods of Data Analysis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The basics of statistics -- Types of variables -- Biological and measurement variability -- Populations and sampling -- Distributions, transformations and outliers -- Quantiles -- Standard error and confidence interval -- Tests and p-values -- 7.3 Regression modelling -- Multiple regression -- Calibration -- Measurement error in explanatory variables -- 7.4 Analysis of variance -- 7.5 Adjusting for energy intake and other lifestyle factors -- 7.6 Morbidity/mortality data -- Survival data -- 7.7 Principal component analysis and other multivariate methods -- Factor analysis -- Other multivariate methods -- 7.8 Bayesian statistics.

Acknowledgements -- References and further reading -- Chapter 8 Considerations for Including Different Population Groups in Nutrition Research -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ethnicity in research methods -- Defining ethnicity -- Measuring ethnicity -- Conducting ethnicity and health research -- Study design -- 8.3 Ethnic minority diets -- Cultural influences -- Dietary intake assessment -- 8.4 Research in developing (low- and middle-income) countries -- Translation of study materials/data -- 8.5 Multi-centre migration studies -- 8.6 Stages of the life course -- Childhood and adolescence -- Dietary assessment among children -- Older ages -- Choice of methods -- 8.7 Dietary energy misreporting in different population groups -- Among ethnic minority groups -- In LMICs -- Across the life course -- 8.8 Body size and composition measures -- Anthropometry -- Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) across population groups -- 8.9 Conclusions -- References and further reading -- Chapter 9 Use of Biobanks in Nutrition Research -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biomarkers in nutrition research -- 9.3 Biobanking for nutrition research -- Collection of specimens -- Sample pre-analytics -- Sample storage -- Governance of biobanks -- Emerging research infrastructures for nutrition and health research -- 9.4 From samples to knowledge -- 9.5 Future outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References and further reading -- Chapter 10 Methods Investigating Food-Related Behaviour -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Types of data in food-choice behaviour -- 10.3 Qualitative approaches -- When to choose a qualitative approach -- Sampling and recruitment in qualitative research -- Data collection and analysis of qualitative methods -- The role of the qualitative interviewer -- Qualitative data analysis -- Assessing the quality of qualitative studies -- 10.4 Quantitative research methods.

When to choose a quantitative approach -- Data collection and analysis of quantitative methods -- Socio-demographic and psychological variables -- Recruitment of the sample -- Reliability and validity -- How to analyse - some examples from studies -- 10.5 Mixed-methods research -- 10.6 Perspectives on the future -- References and further reading -- Chapter 11 Methods for Assessing Nutritional Status and Body Composition -- 11.1 Body composition -- 11.2 Introduction to body composition compartments -- 11.3 A word about accuracy, precision and limits of agreement -- 11.4 Stature -- 11.5 Body mass -- 11.6 Body volume -- Underwater weighing (UWW) -- Air displacement plethysmography (ADP) -- Photonic scanning -- 11.7 Total body water by deuterium dilution -- 11.8 Intra-cellular water by 40K counting -- 11.9 Extra-cellular water by sodium bromide dilution -- 11.10 Fat, lean and bone mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry -- Principle of measurement -- Ionising radiation -- 11.11 Multicomponent models of body composition -- Body mass and body volume -- Body mass and total body water -- Body mass, body volume and total body water -- Body mass, body volume, bone mass and total body water -- 11.12 Magnetic resonance -- Quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) -- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) -- Glycogen measurement by natural abundance (13C MRS) -- 11.13 Computed tomography (CT) -- 11.14 Muscle mass -- 11.15 Muscle strength -- 11.16 Anthropometric indicators of adiposity and nutritional status -- Body mass index -- Waist and hip circumference -- Neck circumference -- Body mass, height and age -- Mid upper-arm circumference -- Skinfold measurements -- 11.17 Ultrasound -- 11.18 Bio-electrical impedance methods -- 11.19 Approaches to assessing individuals -- 11.20 Summary -- Acknowledgement.

References and further reading.