front cover -- copyright -- table of contents -- front matter -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- body -- Part I Fundamentals of Transport -- 1 Perspectives on the Biophysics of Xylem Transport -- The Biophysics of Sap Ascent in the Xylem -- Chapter 1 Discussion -- Chapter 1 References -- 2 Physiochemical Determinants of Phloem Transport -- Structure-Functional Basics of Phloem Transport -- Generation of a Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Collection Phloem -- Maintenance of Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Transport Phloem -- Manipulation of the Hydraulic Pressure Gradient in Release Phloem -- Radius of the Sieve Tubes -- Viscosity, Sugar Species, and Concentrations in Sieve Tubes -- Physiochemical Relationship Between Xylem and Phloem Pathway -- Chapter 2 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 2 Notations -- Chapter 2 References -- 3 Pathways and Mechanisms of Phloem Loading -- Minor Veins -- Transport Between Mesophyll Cells -- The Role of Phloem Parenchyma Cells -- Entry into the SE/CCC via the Apoplast -- Entry into the SE/CCC via the Symplast -- Symplastic Phloem Loading by the Polymer Trap -- Mixed Loading -- Solute Flux Between Companion Cells and Sieve Elements -- Solute Exchange Between the Phloem and Flanking Tissues -- Chapter 3 Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 3 References -- 4 Stomatal Control and Water Transport in the Xylem -- Origins of the Association Between Stomata and Xylem -- Biophysical Properties of Stomata and Xylem -- Linking Hydraulics with Gas Exchange -- Chapter 4 Summary -- Chapter 4 References -- Part II Transport Attributes of Leaves, Roots, and Fruits -- 5 Leaf Hydraulics and Its Implications in Plant Structure and Function -- Leaf Hydraulic Conductance in the Whole-Plant System -- How Does Water Flow from the Petiole to the Sites of Evaporation?.

Coordination of Kleaf, Venation System Design, and Leaf Shape -- Coordination of Kleaf and Leaf Water Storage -- Coordination of Kleaf with Other Aspects of Leaf Structure, Carbon Economy, and Drought Tolerance -- Variability of Kleaf Across Environments, Diurnally, and with Leaf Age -- Chapter 5 Summary of Directions for Future Research -- Chapter 5 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 5 References -- 6 Interaction of Phloem and Xylem During Phloem Loading: Functional Symplasmic Roles for Thin- and Thick-Walled Sieve Tubes in Monocotyledons -- Structural Considerations of the Loading Pathway -- Role of Thin- and Thick-Walled Sieve Tubes -- Experimental Evidence for Apoplast/Symplast Transfer Between Xylem and Phloem -- Chapter 6 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 6 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 6 References -- 7 Water Flow in Roots: Structural and Regulatory Features -- Structural Components of the Radial Pathway -- Regulation of Radial Hydraulic Conductivity by Aquaporins -- Regulation of Root Axial Hydraulic Conductivity -- Chapter 7 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research -- Chapter 7 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 7 References -- 8 Roots as an Integrated Part of the Translocation Pathway -- Root Growth and Solute Deposition -- Roots Have Symplastic and Apoplastic Domains of Unloading -- Does Transporter Distribution Fit a Chimeric Distribution of Unloading? -- Chapter 8 Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 8 References -- 9 Growth and Water Transport in Fleshy Fruit -- Fleshy Fruit Growth, Expansion, and Contraction -- Leaf, Stem, and Fruit Water Potential -- Vascular Flows in Developing Fruit -- Fruit Turgor and Apoplastic Solutes -- Chapter 9 Conclusions -- Chapter 9 References -- Part III Integration of Xylem and Phloem -- 10 The Stem Apoplast: A Potential Communication Channel in Plant Growth Regulation -- The Short-Term Buffer.

What Are the Opportunities to Affect Leakage and Retrieval? -- Chapter 10 Summary -- Chapter 10 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 10 References -- 11 The Role of Potassium in Long Distance Transport in Plants -- Potassium and the Xylem -- Potassium and the Phloem -- Vascular Anatomy, Xylem-Phloem Integration, and Potassium -- Chapter 11 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 11 References -- 12 Coordination Between Shoots and Roots -- Structure and Function -- Functional Equilibrium -- Regulatory Signals -- Global Change and Shoot/Root Coordination -- Chapter 12 Conclusion -- Chapter 12 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 12 References -- 13 Sweeping Water, Oozing Carbon: Long Distance Transport and Patterns of Rhizosphere Resource Exchange -- Long Distance Transport of Carbon -- Long Distance Transport of Water -- Future Directions for Rhizosphere Research -- Chapter 13 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 13 References -- Part IV Development, Structure, and Function -- 14 From Cambium to Early Cell Differentiation Within the Secondary Vascular System -- Vascular Cambium -- Vascular Cambium and the Early Stages of Cell Differentiation -- Chapter 14 Final Comments -- Chapter 14 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 14 References -- 15 Structure-Function Relationships in Sapwood Water Transport and Storage -- Radial Changes in Wood Anatomical Characteristics and Hydraulic Properties -- How Species-Specific Characteristics of Sapwood Affect Whole-Tree Water Transport -- Prospects for Further Research -- Chapter 15 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 15 References -- 16 Efficiency Versus Safety Tradeoffs for Water Conduction in Angiosperm Vessels Versus Gymnosperm Tracheids -- Tradeoffs in Interconduit Pit Function -- Conduit Size and the Conductivity Versus Air-Seeding Tradeoff -- Conductivity Versus Safety from Cavitation by Freeze-Thaw -- Chapter 16 Discussion -- Chapter 16 Acknowledgments.

Chapter 16 References -- 17 Vascular Constraints and Long Distance Transport in Dicots -- Vascular Architecture of Xylem and Phloem -- Coupling Environmental Heterogeneity and Sectoriality -- Techniques and Prospects for Further Research -- Chapter 17 Conclusions -- Chapter 17 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 17 References -- Part V Limits to Long Distance Transport -- 18 Embolism Repair and Long Distance Water Transport -- Evidence for Refilling Under Tension -- Potential Refilling Mechanisms -- Cell Membrane Osmosis -- Pit Membrane Osmosis -- Tissue Pressure -- Membrane Asymmetry -- Vascular Anatomy and Refilling -- Chapter 18 Conclusions: How Important Is Embolism Repair? -- Chapter 18 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 18 References -- 19 Impacts of Freezing on Long Distance Transport in Woody Plants -- Survival of Living Tissues at Low Temperatures -- Cold Acclimation -- Impacts of Freezing on Water-Conducting Conduits of the Xylem -- Impacts of Cold Temperatures and Freezing on the Phloem -- Chapter 19 Conclusions -- Chapter 19 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 19 References -- 20 Interactive Effects of Freezing and Drought on Long Distance Transport: A Case Study of Chaparral Shrubs of California -- Evolutionary History of Chaparral in Relation to Freezing and Drought -- Distribution of Ceanothus, Rhus, and Malosma Species Along a Freezing Gradient -- Distribution of Ceanothus, Rhus, and Malosma Species Corresponds to Freezing Tolerance of Leaves -- With the Exception of R. ovata, Distribution of Chaparral Shrubs Corresponds to Susceptibility to Freeze-Thaw-Induced Embolism -- Chapter 20 Conclusions -- Chapter 20 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 20 References -- 21 Transport Challenges in Tall Trees -- The Physical Setting and Its Problems -- Mechanisms Compensating for Height Constraints -- Interaction Between Stomatal Regulation and Xylem Transport.

Chapter 21 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research -- Chapter 21 References -- 22 Senescence in Secondary Xylem: Heartwood Formation as an Active Developmental Program -- The Role of Parenchyma Cell Death in Heartwood Formation -- Metabolic Activity and Carbohydrate Storage in Aging Sapwood -- Loss of Conductive Function in Secondary Xylem and Phloem -- Wound Compartmentalization Versus Heartwood Formation -- Chapter 22 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research -- Chapter 22 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 22 References -- Part VI Evolution of Transport Tissues -- 23 The Evolutionary History of Roots and Leaves -- Roots -- Leaves -- Chapter 23 Conclusions and Future Research -- Chapter 23 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 23 References -- 24 Are Vessels in Seed Plants Evolutionary Innovations to Similar Ecological Contexts? -- Tracheid and Vessel Hydraulic Properties -- Ancestral Habitats for Vessel Origin in Vessel-Bearing Seed Plants -- Why Vessels in Wet, Shaded Habitats -- Chapter 24 Conclusions -- Chapter 24 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 24 References -- 25 Hydraulic Properties of the Xylem in Plants of Different Photosynthetic Pathways -- Conceptual Background: How Should WUE Changes Affect Xylem Hydraulics? -- Initial Work on Xylem Function in C4 and CAM Species -- Comprehensive Surveys of Hydraulic Function in C3 and C4 Species -- Ecological Consequences of Photosynthetic Pathway on Xylem Function -- Atmospheric CO2 and the Evolution of Modern Wood -- Chapter 25 Conclusion -- Chapter 25 Acknowledgments -- Chapter 25 References -- Part VII Synthesis -- 26 Integration of Long Distance Transport Systems in Plants: Perspectives and Prospects for Future Research -- Xylem -- Phloem -- Xylem and Phloem Together: Whole Organism Integration -- Chapter 26 References -- index -- Physiological Ecology -- Color Plates.