9781909030183_Front Cover -- 9781909030183_Contents -- Preface -- Authors -- 1 Burning Hazards of Textiles and Terminology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Hazards of Burning Textiles -- 1.3 Glossary of Terms -- 1.4 Hazard Assessment and Testing Methodologies for Flame Retardance -- References -- 2 Fundamental Aspects of Flame Retardancy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Thermal Degradation of Polymers -- 2.3 Thermo-oxidative Degradation of Polymers -- 2.4 Degradation of Individual Fibre-forming Polymer Types -- 2.4.1 Natural Fibre-forming Polymers -- 2.4.1.1 Cellulose -- 2.4.1.2 Protein Fibre-forming Polymers -- 2.4.2 Thermoplastic Fibre-forming Polymers -- 2.4.2.1 Polyolefins -- 2.4.2.2 Aliphatic Polyamides (Nylons) -- 2.4.2.3 Polyesters -- 2.4.3 High Temperature-resistant Fibre-forming Polymers -- 2.5 Polymer Combustion -- 2.6 Influence of Polymer Degradation on Subsequent Combustion -- 2.7 Mechanisms of Flame Retardancy -- 2.7.1 Chemical and Physical Mechanisms -- 2.7.2 Retardant Additive and Interactive Effects -- 2.7.3 Quantification of Synergism -- 2.7.4 Char Formation -- 2.7.5 Smoke, Fumes and Combustion Gases -- 2.8 Effect of Fabric and Yarn Structures -- References -- 3 Regulatory and Testing Requirements for Flameretardant Textile Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Textile-related Fire Regulations -- 3.2.1 Nightwear Regulations -- 3.2.2 Upholstered Furniture, Furnishing and Bedding Regulations -- 3.2.3 Protective Clothing (Workplace, Civil Emergency and Defence) -- 3.2.4 Regulations and Tests Relating to Transport -- 3.2.4.1 General Testing and Performance Requirements -- 3.2.4.2 Land Transport -- 3.2.4.3 Marine Transport -- 3.2.4.4 Aviation -- 3.3 Flammability Testing of Textiles -- 3.3.1 Simple Fabric Strip Tests -- 3.3.2 Textile Composite Tests -- 3.3.3 Tests Undertaken with the Addition of Radiant Heat (Including Reaction to Fire Tests).

3.3.4 Thermal Protection (Including Protective Clothing and Manikin Tests) -- References -- 4 Overview of Traditional Flameretardant Solutions (including Coating and Back-coating Technologies) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Durable Flame-retardant Treatments for Cellulosecontaining Textiles -- 4.2.1 THPX Condensates -- 4.2.2 Phosphonamide Finishes -- 4.2.3 Minimisation of Effluent and Water -- 4.2.4 Durable Flame Retarding of Cotton/Synthetic Fibre Blends -- 4.3 Durable Flame-retardant Finishes for Wool -- 4.4 Flame-retardant Finishes for Man-made Fibres -- 4.5 Flame-retardant Coatings and Back-coatings -- 4.5.1 Flame-retardant Coatings -- 4.5.1.1 Phosphorus-containing Agents -- 4.5.1.2 Halogen-containing Flame Retardants -- 4.5.1.3 Intumescent Systems -- 4.5.1.4 Synergistic Additives -- 4.5.1.5 Inorganic Flame Retardants -- 4.5.2 Flame Retardant Back-coatings -- References -- 5 Inherently Flame-resistant Fibres -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Inherently Flame-retardant Fibres based on Modified Versions of Conventional Synthetic and Regenerated Fibres -- 5.2.1 Flame-retardant Regenerated Cellulose Fibres -- 5.2.2 Polyester -- 5.2.3 Polyamide -- 5.2.4 Acrylics and Modacrylics -- 5.2.5 Polypropylene -- 5.2.6 Blends of Conventional Inherently Flame-retardant Fibres -- 5.3 High Heatand Flame-resistant Fibres and Textiles based on Aromatic and Crosslinked Structures -- 5.3.1 Thermoset Polymeric Fibres -- 5.3.2 Aramid and Aramid Family -- 5.3.3 Polybenzazole Group: Polybenzimidazole and Polybenzoxazole Fibres -- 5.3.4 Semi-carbon -- 5.3.5 Blends of High-performance Organic Fibres -- 5.4 Inorganic and Ceramic Fibres -- References -- 6 Flame-retardant and Environmental Issues -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Minimisation of Effluent and Water -- 6.3 Attempts to Reduce/Remove Formaldehyde from Textile Flame Retardants -- 6.3.1 Oligomeric Phosphate-phosphonate.

6.3.2 Butyl Tetracarboxylic Acid -- 6.3.3 Alkyl Phoshoramidate Adduct -- 6.3.4 Organophosphoramidates -- 6.3.5 Phosphonyl Cyanurates -- 6.3.6 Cellulose-phosphoramidate Ester Interchange -- 6.3.7 Cellulose-chloro Triazinyl Derivative Condensation -- 6.3.8 Phosphorus Acid Derivatives of Cellulose -- 6.3.9 Phosphorus-nitrogen-silicone Developments -- 6.3.10 Cellulose-polymer Interactive Treatments -- 6.4 The Halogen (Bromine) - Antimony Question -- References -- 7 Nanostructuring of Synthetic Fibres -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nanostructuring of Synthetic Fibres -- 7.2.1 Polyamide 6 and Polyamide 6.6 -- 7.2.2 Polypropylene -- 7.2.3 Polyacrylics -- 7.2.4 Polyesters -- References -- 8 Smart (Nano) Coatings -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nanotechnology in Coatings and Back-coatings -- 8.3 Smart (Nano) Coatings -- 8.3.1 Nanoparticle Adsorption -- 8.3.2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly -- 8.3.2.1 Inorganic Layer-by-Layer Coatings Deposited by Dipping -- 8.3.2.2 Hybrid Organic-inorganic or Intumescent Layer-byLayer Coatings Deposited by Dipping -- 8.3.2.3 Inorganic Layer-by-Layer Coatings Deposited by Spray -- 8.3.3 Sol-gel Treatments -- 8.3.3.1 Inorganic Architectures -- 8.3.3.2 Phosphorus-doped Silica Architectures -- 8.3.3.3 Smoke-suppressant Architectures -- 8.3.3.4 Hybrid Organic-inorganic Architectures -- 8.3.4 Plasma Surface Treatments -- 8.3.5 Biomacromolecule-based Coatings -- References -- Abbreviations -- Index -- 9781909030183_Back Cover.