WORKLOAD TRANSITION -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Summary -- BACKGROUND -- ANALOGOUS SYSTEMS -- WORKLOAD -- STRESS -- SLEEP DISRUPTION AND FATIGUE -- VIGILANCE -- GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION -- DECISION MAKING -- STRATEGIC TASK MANAGEMENT -- TEAM LEADERSHIP AND CREW COORDINATION -- TRAINING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSES -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH -- Research Recommendations -- Application of Research Results -- 1 Team Transitions -- BACKGROUND -- TEAM PERFORMANCE DURING TRANSITIONS -- CREW PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS -- Planning and Preparation -- Routine Monitoring -- Maintenance -- Information Seeking -- Decision Making -- Control and Operation -- Communications -- WORKSTATION CHARACTERISTICS -- FRAMEWORK OF THE REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 Analogous Systems -- FEATURES OF SIMILARITY -- Time -- Structure of the Event -- Environment -- Personal Risk -- Organizational Structure -- Summary -- COMMERCIAL AIRLINES -- RAILROADS -- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS -- MERCHANT AND MILITARY SHIPS -- NATURAL DISASTERS -- EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES -- TRAUMA CENTERS AND EMERGENCY ROOMS -- CAUTIOUS GENERALIZATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Workload Factors -- WORKLOAD CHARACTERISTICS -- Sources -- Consequences -- Measures -- Relationship Between Workload and Performance -- WORKLOAD DRIVERS: REVIEW OF RESEARCH -- Task Structure -- Performance Criteria and Strategies -- Task Schedule -- Rate of Presentation -- Complexity of Task Demands -- Variability of Task Demands -- Task Duration -- Task Requirements and Procedures -- Input Variables -- Information From Visual Displays -- Information From the Visual Scene -- Information From Auditory Displays -- Information Processing Variables -- Level of Processing -- Processing Resources -- Memory Requirements -- Display-Control Compatibility -- Output Variables -- Control Design -- Control Gain and Display Gain.

Control Lag and Display Lag -- Order of Control -- Computer Aiding and Automation -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 4 Stress -- STRESS IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT -- STRESS AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE -- QUALITATIVE PATTERN OF STRESS EFFECTS -- Attentional Tunneling -- Working Memory Loss -- Communications -- Long-Term Memory -- Strategic Shifts -- Decision Making -- Attention and Arousal -- Conclusion -- MEDIATING EFFECTS -- COPING WITH STRESS -- Design Solutions -- Strategies -- Training -- TEAM MODELS: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRESS MANAGEMENT -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 5 Sleep Disruption and Fatigue -- CIRCADIAN EFFECTS ON PROLONGED PERFORMANCE -- SLEEP DEPRIVATION -- Laboratory Studies -- Operational Settings -- SLEEP INERTIA -- IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE IN EXTENDED-DUTY OPERATIONS -- POTENTIAL COUNTERMEASURES -- REFERENCES -- 6 Vigilance and Target Detection -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- World War II -- Implications of Automation for Vigilance -- Implications for Armor Personnel -- PSYCHOPHYSICAL DETERMINANTS -- A Functional Equation -- The Components of Vigilance -- Signal Modality -- Signal Salience -- Stimulus Uncertainty -- The Background Event Context -- Stimulus Complexity -- Sensing and Decision Making -- The Theory of Signal Detection -- Applications to Vigilance -- Task Taxonomy -- ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS -- Environment and Task -- Temperature -- Noise -- Vibration -- Sleep Loss -- Task-Induced Stress in Vigilance -- Physiological Indices -- Mood Measures -- Perceived Workload -- OPERATIONAL RELEVANCE -- Workload Transition -- Remediation -- Engineering Solutions -- Training -- REFERENCES -- 7 Geographic Orientation -- WHAT IS GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION? -- REAL-WORLD CONSTRAINTS ON SPATIAL AWARENESS -- Frames of Reference -- Reference Frame Comparisons -- Biases in Geographic Memory -- Language -- Timing -- Mental Models of Navigational Tasks.

GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION: TANKS AND HELICOPTERS -- NAVIGATION AND WORKLOAD TRANSITION -- The Premission Phase -- The Operational Phase -- Transition From Rear Staging Position to Initial Fighting Position -- The Preengagement Phase -- The Post-Mission Phase -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 8 Decision Making -- HEURISTICS AND BIASES IN HYPOTHESIS FORMATION -- EXPERTISE IN DIAGNOSIS -- CHOICE -- TRANSITION EFFECTS -- Pre-Post Exchange -- Stress Effects -- Communications -- Perceptual Tunneling -- Confirmation Bias -- Phonetic Working Memory -- Spatial Working Memory -- Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff -- Remediation -- Decision Aids -- Debias Training -- Domain Training -- Team Cohesion -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 9 Strategic Task Management -- COGNITIVE SWITCHING -- Strategy Switching -- Task Switching -- Implications for Workload Transition -- Engaging Tasks -- Disengaging Tasks -- TASK PRIORITY MANAGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- 10 Team Leadership and Crew Coordination -- AVIATION RESEARCH FINDINGS ON LEADERSHIP AND CREW COORDINATION -- CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TRAINING -- VOICE COMMUNICATIONS -- Flight Deck Communications -- Systematic Observational Studies of Crew Performance -- Leader Behavior -- Leader Personality -- Automation, Leadership, and Crew Coordination -- Organizational Cultures and Subcultures -- ENGINEERING MODELS OF COORDINATION -- CREW PERFORMANCE RESEARCH -- REFERENCES -- 11 Training for Emergency Responses -- TRAINING CHALLENGES -- TRAINING AND SKILL RETENTION -- Type of Task -- Amount of Practice -- Type of Practice -- Testing -- Level of Original Learning -- TRAINING AND WORKLOAD -- TRAINING APPROACHES -- Training Complex Tasks Through Simulation Networking (SIMNET) -- Embedded Training for Practicing Procedural Tasks in the Operational Setting -- Training to Improve Communications and Coordination -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES.

12 Recommendations for Research -- WORKLOAD -- STRESS -- SLEEP PATTERNS AND FATIGUE -- TARGET DETECTION AND VIGILANCE -- GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION -- COMMUNICATIONS AND DECISION MAKING -- STRATEGIC TASK MANAGEMENT -- TEAM LEADERSHIP AND CREW COORDINATION -- TRAINING -- REFERENCES -- Index.