CHAPTER 8 Integrated Circuits for Neural Interfacing: Neuroelectrical Recording -- Contents -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1 Wireless Integrated Neurochemical and Neuropotential Sensing -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Neurochemical Sensing -- 1.2.1 A Review of Neurotransmitters -- 1.2.2 Electrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation -- 1.2.3 VLSI Multichannel Potentiostat -- 1.3 Neuropotential Sensing -- 1.3.1 Physiological Basis of EEG/ECoG -- 1.3.2 Interface Circuitry -- 1.4 RF Telemetry and Power Harvesting in Implanted Devices -- 1.4.1 Introduction to Inductive Coupling -- 1.4.2 Telemetry System Architecture and VLSI Design -- 1.4.3 Alternative Encoding and Transmission Schemes -- 1.5 Multimodal Electrical and Chemical Sensing -- 1.6 Summary -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Visual Cortical Neuroprosthesis: A System Approach -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 System Architecture -- 2.3 Prosthesis Exterior Body Unit and Wireless Link -- 2.3.1 Neuromorphic Encoder -- 2.3.2 External Body Unit (Primary RF Unit) -- 2.3.3 RF Transformer -- 2.4 Body Implantable Unit -- 2.4.1 Bit Synchronizer -- 2.4.2 Reverse Link -- 2.4.3 Communication Protocol -- 2.5 System Prototype -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 3 CMOS Circuits for Biomedical Implantable Devices -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2 Inductive Link to Deliver Power to Implants -- 3.2.1 Inductive Link Fundamentals -- 3.2.2 The Power Efficiency -- 3.2.3 Power Recovery and Voltage Regulation -- 3.3 High Data Rate Transmission Through Inductive Links -- 3.3.1 The BPSK Demodulator -- 3.3.2 The QPSK Demodulator -- 3.3.3 Validation of the Demodulator Architecture -- 3.4 Energy and Bandwidth Issues in Multi-Channel Biopotential Recording: Case Study -- 3.4.1 Micropower Low-Noise Bioamplifier -- 3.4.2 Real-Time Data Reduction and Compression -- 3.5 Summary -- References.

CHAPTER 4 Toward Self-Powered Sensors and Circuits for Biomechanical Implants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Stress, Strain, and Fatigue Prediction -- 4.3 In Vivo Strain Measurement and Motivation for Self-Powered Sensing -- 4.4 Fundamentals of Piezoelectric Transduction and Power Delivery -- 4.4.1 Piezoelectric Basics -- 4.4.2 Piezoelectric Modeling -- 4.4.3 Orthopaedic Applications -- 4.5 Sub-Microwatt Piezo-Powered VLSI Circuits -- 4.5.1 Floating-Gate Transistors -- 4.5.2 Floating-Gate Injector and Its Mathematical Model -- 4.5.3 CMOS Current References -- 4.5.4 Floating-Gate Current References -- 4.6 Design and Calibration of a Complete Floating-Gate Sensor Array -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 5 CMOS Circuits for Wireless Medical Applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Spectrum Regulations for Medical Use -- 5.3 Integrated Receiver Architectures -- 5.4 Integrated Transmit Architectures -- 5.5 Radio Architecture Selection -- 5.6 System Budget Calculations -- 5.7 Low-Noise Amplifiers -- 5.8 Mixers -- 5.9 Polyphase Filter -- 5.10 Power Amplifier (PA) -- 5.11 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) -- 5.12 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 6 Error-Correcting Codes for In Vivo RF Wireless Links -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 In Vivo Human Body Channel Modeling -- 6.3 Power Dissipation Model for the RF Link with Error-Correcting Codes -- 6.4 Encoder Implementations and Power Savings for ECC -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 7 Microneedles: A Solid-State Interface with the Human Body -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 The Structure of the Skin -- 7.1.2 Categories of Microneedles and Probes -- 7.2 Fabrication Methods for Hollow Out-of-Plane Microneedles -- 7.2.1 Fabrication of Metal Microneedles -- 7.2.2 Fabrication of Silicon Microneedles -- 7.2.3 Fabrication of Polymer Microneedles -- 7.2.4 Further Fabrication Methods for Microneedles.

7.3 Applications for Microneedles -- 7.3.1 Drug Delivery Through Microneedles -- 7.3.2 Biosensing Using Microneedles -- 7.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- 7.4.1 The State of the Art of Microneedle Research -- 7.4.2 Future Research Directions -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Integrated Circuits for Neural Interfacing: Neuroelectrical Recording -- 8.1 Introduction to Neural Recording -- 8.2 The Nature of Neural Signals -- 8.3 Neural Signal Amplification -- 8.3.1 Design Requirements -- 8.3.2 Circuit Architecture and Design Techniques -- 8.3.3 Noise vs. Layout Area -- References -- CHAPTER 9 Integrated Circuits for Neural Interfacing: Neurochemical Recording -- 9.1 Introduction to Neurochemical Recording -- 9.2 Chemical Monitoring -- 9.3 Sensor and Circuit Technologies -- 9.3.1 Neurochemical Sensing Probes -- 9.3.2 Neurochemical Sensing Interface Circuitry -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Integrated Circuits for Neural Interfacing: Neural Stimulation -- 10.1 Introduction to Neural Stimulation -- 10.2 Electrode Configuration and Tissue Volume Conductor -- 10.3 Electrode-Electrolyte Interface -- 10.4 Efficacy of Neural Stimulation -- 10.5 Stimulus Generator Architecture -- 10.6 Stimulation Front-End Circuits -- References -- CHAPTER 11 Circuits for Implantable Neural Recording and Stimulation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Neurophysiology and the Action Potential -- 11.3 Electrodes -- 11.4 The Tripolar Cuff Model and Tripolar Amplifier Configurations -- 11.5 Bioamplifier Circuits -- 11.5.1 Clock-Based Techniques -- 11.5.2 Continuous-Time Techniques -- 11.6 Stimulation and Circuits -- 11.6.1 Modes of Stimulation -- 11.6.2 Types of Stimulation Waveforms -- 11.6.3 Stimulator Failure Protection Techniques -- 11.6.4 Stimulator Output Stage Configurations Utilizing Blocking Capacitors -- 11.6.5 Method to Reduce the Blocking Capacitor Value.

11.6.6 Stimulator Current Generator Circuits -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 12 Neuromimetic Integrated Circuits -- 12.1 Introduction and Application Domain -- 12.2 Neuron Models for Different Computation Levels of SNNs -- 12.2.1 Cell Level -- 12.2.2 Network Level -- 12.3 State of the Art of Hardware-Based SNN -- 12.3.1 System Constraints and Computation Distribution -- 12.3.2 Existing Solutions -- 12.4 Criteria for Design Strategies of Neuromimetic ICs -- 12.4.1 Specific or Generic Mathematical Operators -- 12.4.2 Monosynapses or Multisynapses -- 12.4.3 IC Flexibility vs. Network Specifications -- 12.4.4 CMOS or BICMOS Technology -- 12.4.5 IP-Based Design -- 12.5 Neuromimetic ICs: Example of a Series of ASICs -- 12.5.1 A Subthreshold CMOS ASIC with Fixed Model Parameters -- 12.5.2 A BICMOS ASIC with Fixed Model Parameters -- 12.5.3 A BICMOS ASIC with Tunable Model Parameters -- 12.5.4 A BICMOS ASIC with Tunable Model Parameters and Multisynapses -- 12.6 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- CHAPTER 13 Circuits for Amperometric Electrochemical Sensors -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Electrochemical Sensors -- 13.2.1 Electrochemistry and the Electrode Process -- 13.2.2 Electrochemical Cell -- 13.2.3 Electrochemical Sensors -- 13.2.4 Three-Electrode Measurement System -- 13.3 Potentiostat -- 13.3.1 Potential Control Configurations -- 13.3.2 Current Measurement Approaches -- 13.4 Design Issues in Advanced CMOS Processes -- 13.4.1 Generating the Input Drive Voltage -- 13.5 Electrical Equivalent Circuit Modeling -- 13.5.1 Mathematical Circuit Modeling -- 13.5.2 Numerical Modeling -- 13.6 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 14 ADC Circuits for Biomedical Applications -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 A Second-Order ΣΔ Modulator (ΣΔM) with 80 dB SNDR and 83 dB DR Operating Down to 0.9 V -- 14.2.1 Introduction.

14.2.2 Second-Order Sigma-Delta Architecture -- 14.2.3 Circuit Implementation -- 14.2.4 Integrated Prototypes and Measured Results -- 14.3 A Calibration-Free Low-Power and Low-Area 1.2 V 14-b Resolution and 80 kHz BW Two-Stage Algorithmic ADC -- 14.3.1 Introduction -- 14.3.2 Architecture Description and Timing -- 14.3.3 OTA and Comparators -- 14.3.4 The Mismatch-Insensitive Multiplying-DAC -- 14.3.5 Circuit Implementation and Simulation Results -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 15 CMOS Circuit Design for Label-Free Medical Diagnostics -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Label-Free Molecular Detection with Electrochemical Capacitors -- 15.2.1 The Ideal-Capacitance Model -- 15.2.2 The Constant Phase Element Model -- 15.3 Electrodes Bio-Functionalization -- 15.3.1 DNA Probe Immobilization -- 15.3.2 DNA Target Hybridization -- 15.3.3 DNA Detection -- 15.4 Chip Design for Capacitance Measurements -- 15.4.1 Charge-Based Capacitance Measurements -- 15.4.2 Frequency to Capacitance Measurements Technique -- 15.5 Biochip Application to DNA -- 15.6 Discussion on Results: Analysis and Future Perspectives -- 15.6.1 Frequency Analysis of Electrical Measurements -- 15.6.2 Discussion on Biochemical Issues -- 15.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- CHAPTER 16 Silicon-Based Microfluidic Systems for Nucleic Acid Analysis -- 16.1 From Tubes to Chips -- 16.2 Nucleic Acid Extraction -- 16.3 Nucleic Acid Amplification -- 16.4 Nucleic Acid Detection -- 16.5 Discussion -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 17 Architectural Optimizations for Digital Microfluidic Biochips -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Challenges -- 17.3 Testing and Reconfiguration Strategies -- 17.3.1 Testing Technique Based on Partitioning the Grid for Multiple Sources and Sinks -- 17.3.2 Reconfiguration Techniques for Fault Isolation.

17.4 Scheduling and Resource Allocation for Pin-Constrained Biochips.