Alignment in Communication -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Dedication page -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- 1. Subject and motivation -- 2. Why is a new perspective needed? -- 3. Development of the research area -- 4. Outline of contents -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Methodological paradigms in interaction research -- 1. Introduction -- 2. On dependent and independent variables -- 3. The independent variable - the issue of control -- 4. The dependent variable and the problems of defining and counting -- 5. Strengths and weaknesses of different methods -- 5.1 Surreptitious recording of informal interactions -- 5.2 Recordings of informal interactions with consent of the recordees -- 5.3 Task-based but otherwise unscripted dialogue -- 5.4 Director-matcher paradigms -- 5.5 Scripted dialogue with confederates -- 5.6 Classical cognitive psychological experiments -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- A multidimensional activity based approach to communication -- 1. Why interesting? -- 2. What is "communication" and what is "activity"? -- 2.1 Communication -- 2.2 Joint activity -- 3. Some basic features of communication -- 3.1 A multidirectional flow of information -- 3.2 Every communicator both a producer and a recipient -- 3.3 Sensory multimodality and the three semiotic means of representation -- 4. Communication, cognition and context -- 4.1 Several degrees of processing -- 4.2 Coactivation -- 4.3 Types of content in communication and cognition -- 4.4 Sharing of content -- 4.5 Affective-epistemic grounding and stance -- 4.6 Context -- 5. Semantics and communication -- 5.1 Coactivation and meaning potentials -- 5.2 Compositionality and coconstruction -- 5.3 Compositionality -- 5.4 Coconstruction -- 6. Concluding remarks -- References -- On making syntax dynamic -- 1. Introduction.

1.1 Language-as-action and the nature of linguistic knowledge -- 1.2 Dialogue within an action-based framework: Pickering and Garrod (2013) -- 2. Dynamic syntax -- 2.1 Grammar and coordination in joint activities -- 2.2 Dynamic action-based grammars and dialogue coordination -- 2.3 Incrementality and predictivity within the grammar architecture -- 3. Conclusion: low-level mechanisms for linguistic coordination and emergent intentions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Automatic and strategic alignment of co-verbal gestures in dialogue -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Alignment in co-verbal gestures -- 3. Analyzing gesture use in natural dialogue -- 3.1 What shapes the use of gestures? -- 3.2 Inter-personal coordination effects in gesture use? -- 3.3 Discussion -- 4. Towards an integrated model of strategic and automatic alignment -- 4.1 Speech and gesture production -- 4.2 Gesture perception -- 4.3 An integrated model of automatic and strategic coordination -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Interaction phonology - A temporal co-ordination component enabling representational alignment within a model of communication -- 1. Motivation for an interaction phonology -- 1.1 Alignment vs. co-ordination? -- 1.2 Co-ordination of alignment in speech communication -- 1.3 Attention, co-ordination, and rhythm -- 1.4 Rhythm and phonology -- 2. A framework for interaction phonology -- 2.1 Entrainment as key process enabling interlocutor co-ordination -- 2.2 Entrainment in interaction -- 2.3 Entrainment in speech communication -- 2.4 Evaluating formal models of entrainment on conversational speech -- 2.4 Summary -- 3. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Communication as moving target tracking -- 1. Computational modelling of human communication -- 2. Communication as tracking moving targets -- 2.1 Entrainment and alignment.

2.2 Communication and target tracking -- 3. The dynamic inference cycle in human communication -- 3.1 The Action-perception-learning cycle -- 3.2 Dynamic Bayesian inference -- 4. Markov decision processes and policy learning -- 4.1 Communication with rewards -- 4.2 Parsimony and novelty -- 5. Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Language variation and mutual adaptation in interactive communication -- 1. Mutual adaptation as a central phenomenon that a theory of communication needs to explain -- 1.1 Aspects of communication -- 1.2 Mutual adaptation in communication -- 2. A role for linguistic variation in communication -- 2.1 Variability of language use -- 2.2 Social factors of language variation -- 2.3 Individual language processing and linguistic variation -- 2.4 Language variation, adaptation, and communication -- 3. The mechanisms of interactive adaptation, in the context of other factors of linguistic choice -- References -- "The hand is no banana!" On communicating natural kind terms to a robot -- 1. Motivation: Deep evaluation of HRI and the lesson to be learned from it -- 2. The capabilities of the robot (named "Flobi") -- 2.1 Interaction patterns for the tutorial dialogue -- 2.2 Acquiring NKTs -- 3. Problems in the communication between a human and the robot -- 3.1 Intuitive observations -- 3.2 The technical description of the failures -- 3.3 Explanation considering the dialogue structure -- 3.4 Two dialogues, internal coherence and external incoherence -- 3.5 Reasons for failures and how to amend them -- 4. The robot's acquisition of an NKT -- 5. The implication of the HRC research reported for developing a general theory of communication -- 5.1 The robot's learning of an NKT -- 5.2 Probing into arti cial minds -- 5.3 Robots as natural kinds -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Interactive alignment and prediction in dialogue.

1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. Comparing and contrasting the integrated account with other recent proposals -- 4. Conclusion and future challenges -- References -- What is the link between emotional and communicative alignment in interaction? -- 1. Emotion in communication -- 1.1 Emotional communication in humans -- 2. Emotional adaptation -- 2.1 Concepts of empathy -- 2.2 Theories of emotional adaptation -- 3. The link between emotional and linguistic adaptation -- 3.1 Emotional and linguistic adaptation in human-human interaction -- 3.2 Human-robot interaction: A computational three-layered model of emotional alignment -- 4. Future research -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index -- Contributors.