Intelligent Watermarking Techniques -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Part I. Fundamentals of Watermarking and Intelligent Techniques -- Chapter 1. An Introduction to Watermarking Techniques Hsiang-Cheh Huang, Hsueh-Ming Hang, and Jeng-Shyang Pan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Some Terminology -- 3 Applications -- 4 Requirements -- 1. Robustness -- 2. Transparency -- 3. Tamper resistance -- 4. Information capacity -- 5. Complexity -- 5 Classifications -- 5.1 Perceptible and Imperceptible Watermarks -- 5.2 Robust, Fragile, and Semi-Fragile Watermarks -- 5.2.1 Robust watermarks -- 5.2.2 Fragile watermarks -- 5.2.3 Semi-fragile watermarks -- 5.3 Algorithm Design Issues -- 6 Watermark Embedding Schemes -- 6.1 Spatial Domain Watermarking -- 6.2 Transform Domain Watermarking -- 6.3 QIM Watermarking -- 7 Watermark Extraction Categories -- 7.1 Extraction with/without The Original Multimedia Contents -- 7.2 The Public/Secret Keys -- 8 Attacking Schemes -- 8.1 Image Compression -- 8.1.1 VQ compression -- 8.1.2 JPEG compression -- 8.2 Image Cropping -- 8.3 Spatial Filtering -- 8.4 Image Rotation -- 8.5 Image Shifting and Line Deletion -- 9 Watermarking Benchmarks -- 9.1 Stirmark -- 9.2 Checkmark -- 9.3 Opitmark -- 9.4 CERTIMARK -- 10 Activities with Watermarking Research -- 10.1 Internet Resources -- 10.2 Special Issues in International Journals -- 10.3 Books -- 10.4 Related Sessions in International Conferences -- 10.5 Companies and Products Relating to Watermarking -- 11 Organization of This Book -- 12 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2. Neuro-Fuzzy Learning Theory Yan Shi, Masaharu Mizumoto, and Peng Shi -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Neuro-Fuzzy Learning Algorithm -- 3 Extraction of Typical Data from Training Data Based on FCM -- 4 Numerical Examples -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Evolutionary Algorithms Wei-Po Lee and Chao-Hsing Hsu.

1 Evolutionary Computation -- 2 Genetic Algorithms -- 2.1 Selection Methods -- 2.2 Creating Offspring -- 3 Other Evolution Algorithms -- 3.1 Evolution Strategies and Evolutionary Programming -- 3.2 Genetic Programming -- 4 Parallelizing Simulated Evolution -- 4.1 Coarse-Grain Models -- 4.2 Fine-Grain Models -- 5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4. A Tutorial on Meta-Heuristics for Optimization Shu-Chuan Chu, Chin-Shiuh Shieh, and John F. Roddick -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Genetic Algorithms -- 3 Ant Systems -- 4 Particle Swarm Optimization -- 5 Discussions and Conclusions -- References -- Part II. Watermarking Techniques -- Chapter 5. Watermarking Based on Spatial Domain Hsiang-Cheh Huang, Jeng-Shyang Pan, and Hsueh-Ming Hang -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Embedding Structures in The Spatial Domain -- 3 General Extraction Structures in The Spatial Domain -- 4 Issues for Practical Implementations -- 4.1 Bit Plane Manipulations of The LSB's -- 4.2 Selecting The Embedding Positions -- 5 Applications -- 5.1 Video Watermarking Applications -- 5.2 Frame Reordering and Dropping -- 5.3 Combining Spatial-Domain Watermarking with Watermarking in Different Domains -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Watermarking Based on Transform Domain Hsiang-Cheh Huang, Jeng-Shyang Pan, and Hsueh-Ming Hang -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Structures for Transform Domain Watermarking -- 3 Categories for Transformations -- 3.1 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) -- 3.2 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) -- 3.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) -- 4 Examples for Practical Implementations -- 4.1 Transform-Domain Image Watermarking -- 4.2 Spread Spectrum Transform-Domain Watermarking -- 4.3 Image Adaptive Transform-Domain Watermarking -- 4.4 Compressed-Domain Video Watermarking -- 5 Summary -- References.

Chapter 7. Watermarking Based on Vector Quantization Chin-Shiuh Shieh, Hsiang- Cheh Huang, Zhe-Ming Lu, and Jeng-Shyang Pan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Watermarking Scheme Based on VQ Indices -- 3 Watermarking Scheme Based on Secret Keys -- 4 Discussions and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Audio Watermarking Techniques Hyoung Joong Kim, Yong Hee Choi, Jongwon Seok, and Jinwoo Hong -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spread-Spectrum Method -- 2.1 Basic Idea -- 2.2 Pseudo-Random Sequence -- 2.3 Watermark Shaping -- 2.4 Sinusoidal Modulation -- 3 Two-Set Method -- 3.1 Patchwork Scheme -- 3.2 Amplitude Modification -- 4 Replica Method -- 4.1 Echo Hiding -- 4.2 Replica Modulation -- 5 Self-Marking Method -- 5.1 Time-Scale Modification -- 5.2 Salient Features -- 6 Synchronization -- 6.1 Coarse Alignment -- 6.2 Synchronization Code -- 6.3 Salient Point Extraction -- 6.4 Redundant-Chip Coding -- 6.5 Beat-Scaling Transform -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9. Video Watermarking: Requirements, Problems and Solutions Christoph Busch and Xiamu Niu -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Generic Models of Video Watermarking -- 1.1.1 Raw Video Sequences Watermarking -- 1.1.2 MPEG Compression with Watermarking -- 1.1.3 Watermarking MPEG Compression Stream -- 1.2 Requirements for Video Watermarking -- 1.2.1 Broadcasting Environments for Video Watermarking -- 1.2.2 Application Scenario -- 1.2.3 Requirements and Problems -- 2 The TALISMAN Project -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Algorithm Description -- 2.3 Transparent Quality -- 2.3.1 Edge Detection -- 2.3.2 Smooth Blocks -- 2.3.3 Block Assessment and Processing -- 2.3.4 Resistance against Geometric Distortions -- 2.3.5 Robustness against Compression and Practical Evalua- tion -- 3 The Spatial-temporal Synchronization Issues in Video Watermarking -- 3.1 Motivations -- 3.2 The Time-Axis Template.

3.2.1 The Affine Transformation -- 3.2.2 The Assumption -- 3.2.3 The Time-axis Template -- 3.2.4 Video Watermarking based on Time-Axis Templates -- 3.3 Watermarking along the Time-Axis -- 3.3.1 Watermark Generation -- 3.3.2 Invisibility of Watermarks -- 3.3.3 Watermark Embedding and Detection -- 3.3.3.1 Adaptive Embedding Process -- 3.3.3.2 Adaptive Detection Process -- 3.3.4 Security of Watermark -- 3.4 The Temporal Synchronization -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Digital Video Watermarking: Techniques, Technology and Trends Deepa Kundur, Karen Su, and Dimitrios Hatzinakos -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Video vs. Still Image Watermarking -- 1.2 Applications -- 2 Models and Measures -- 2.1 Figures of Merit -- 2.2 Paradigms -- 3 Video Watermarking Algorithms -- 3.1 Classification of Video Watermarking Techniques -- 3.2 Pixel Domain Methods -- 3.2.1 1D spread spectrum modulation -- 3.2.2 Just another watermarking system (2D spread spectrum) -- 3.2.3 Spatially localized image dependent watermarking -- 3.2.4 CDMA modulation -- 3.3 Transform Domain Methods -- 3.3.1 MPEG-2-based techniques -- 3.3.1.1 VLC swapping -- 3.3.1.2 Region-based energy manipulation -- 3.3.1.3 Spread spectrum modulation (Compressed domain) -- 3.3.2 Frame-based techniques -- 3.3.2.1 DCT-based spread spectrum -- 3.3.2.2 Perceptual DCT-based -- 3.3.3 Group-of-frame-based techniques -- 3.3.3.1 3D DFT -- 3.3.3.2 Perceptual scene-based -- 4 Hardware Implementation Issues of Digital Video Watermarking Techniques -- 4.1 Why Hardware? -- 4.2 Hardware Complexity Constraints -- 4.2.1 Application constraints -- 4.2.1.1 Embeddor complexity -- 4.2.1.2 Detector complexity -- 5 Predicted Trends in Video Watermarking Research -- References -- Chapter 11.Benchmarking of Watermarking Algorithms Nikolaos Nikolaidis and Ioannis Pitas -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics of A Watermarking System.

3 Benchmarking Principles -- 3.1 Algorithmic Complexity -- 3.2 Visual Quality -- 3.3 Watermark Detection Performance -- 3.3.1 Hard Decision Detectors -- 3.3.2 Soft Decision Detectors -- 3.4 Message Decoding Performance -- 3.5 Payload -- 4 Result Summarization -- 5 Method Comparison and Conformance to A Set of Specifications -- 6 Existing Benchmarking Platforms -- 6.1 Stirmark -- 6.2 Checkmark -- 6.3 Optimark -- 6.4 Certimark -- 6.5 Comparison of The Benchmarking Platforms -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Part III. Advanced Watermarking Techniques -- Chapter 12. Genetic Watermarking on Transform Domain Hsiang-Cheh Huang, Jeng-Shyang Pan, and Feng-Hsing Wang -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Algorithm -- 2.1 Embedding The Watermark -- 2.2 Extracting The Watermark -- 3 Simulation Results -- 3.1 The Conventional Scheme -- 3.2 The Progressive Transmission Scheme -- 4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 13. Genetic Watermarking on Spatial Domain Feng-Hsing Wang, Lakhmi C. Jain, and Jeng-Shyang Pan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Watermarking Scheme without GA -- 2.1 Embedding Procedure -- 2.2 Extraction Procedure -- 2.3 Performance -- 3 Watermarking Scheme with GA -- 3.1 GA Training Procedure -- 3.1.1 General Steps -- 3.1.2 Preprocessing -- 3.1.3 Details about the GA Training Steps -- 3.2 Performance -- 3.3 Discussion about More Attacking Functions -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14. Robust Image Watermarking Systems Using Neural Networks Chin-Cheng Chang and Iuon-Chang Lin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Neural Networks -- 3 Related Works -- 3.1 Image Watermarking System Based on Discrete Cosine Transform Using Neural Networks -- 3.2 A Watermarking System Using Neural Networks in Spatial Domain for Color Images -- 4 Image Watermarking System Based on Wavelet Transform Using Neural Networks -- 4.1 Embedding Phase -- 4.2 Extracting Phase -- 5 Experiments.

6 Discussion.